Problem-Solving Courts are Helping to Reform the Justice...

I believe that one of the best reforms to our justice system is the growing number of Problem-Solving Courts. Problem-Solving Courts are specialized courts that focus on specific problems in society, such as drug abuse, prostitution, mental-health, domestic violence, etc (Courts). I have chosen drug courts more specifically to research. According to drugpolicy.org, in 2012 1.55 million people were arrested for non-violent drug charges (Drug Policy Alliance). This is an astounding amount of people being arrested, which is why I believe it is important to have problem-solving courts. Unlike traditional courts, these specialized courts address the issues that individuals have that cause them to commit crimes in order to reduce the chances of†¦show more content†¦Possibly one of the largest obstacles in creating problem solving courts is economical/political issues. With our nation in a recession many states are seeing budget cuts. The National Center for State Courts stated tha t as of 2011, a large number of state and local courts had experienced budget cuts of 15 to 20 percent since 2009 (Griller, 2011). The article also stated that despite the fact that these courts are cost effective in the long run, â€Å"hard-dollar cost-per-case figures are beginning to trump soft-dollar crime-reduction benefits† (Griller, 2011). One idea to help problem solving courts make it through budget cuts is to have the court provide date periodically that shows evidence of rehabilitation, declining jail costs, and how this system is improving neighborhoods. The Seattle Municipal Court has done just this, and has managed to maintain funding to their problem solving courts while there have been budget cuts to the city government, as well as judicial position reductions (Griller, 2011). Currently, drug courts have been proven to be successful at reducing recidivism of offenders. In the United States there are about 120,000 people receiving help in order to rehabilitate them and to try to reduce the chances of recidivism (Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2011). These programs require individuals to participate in the programs for a minimum of one year. During this year the individuals are required to appear in court and be drug tested atShow MoreRelatedIf I Ran Zoo By Dr. Seuss885 Words   |  4 Pagesdo so. Throughout the semester I learned many contradictions about the Juvenile court system. Not only the contradictions but also the seeing lives of adolescents in the film of â€Å"This is their Normal,† â€Å"Juvies† and the film about the two girls in Juvenile prison. It has shown the difficulties of what the adolescents face when they tell their stories about how they end in prison, issues with their families, and problems among themselves. The adolescents have faced struggles in their childhoods andRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Juvenile Justice System1299 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"good† are children who kn ow how to solve their problems and manage their behavior and social life, and the kids who are labeled â€Å"bad† are kids who don’t know how to solve those problems.† Every day, kids are committing illegal acts of varying severity. Some are involved in petty robberies, others involved in murders and rape. These juveniles become the responsibility of the juvenile justice system which is tasked with the duty of properly helping and punishing these kids. However, this is preciselyRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Juvenile Delinquency1675 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Justice has been a work in progress from the beginning of the program because of the evolving mentality of the generations. The purpose of Juvenile Justice was to correct the behavior of the juvenile delinquents and rehabilitation through a probationary period monitored by an individual who paid for bail and periodically reported behavior changes to courts. (Mulligan 2009) We do justice to the youth off enders by understanding the history of Juvenile Justice restorative programs, the alternativesRead MoreMandatory Incarceration For Chronic Juvenile Offenders1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthe crime, they need to be put into detention, where they cannot cause harm but where they can received the right intervention program and mental health treatment for them, it’s the law. The juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate not punish young offenders. Punishment is not the answer in solving their delinquent behavioral patterns. I feel that they need to do psychological testing on the chronic juvenile’s mental and behavioral disorders. Their special needs should be taken into account duringRead MoreEssay on The Mission of the Correctional System 1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe correctional system has three main goals: punish, protect the community and rehabilitate the offender. However, it is unclear how well the modern U.S correctional system achieves these goals and whether the money invested in the correctional system might be better spent. These are some of the points I will cover regarding what I think about the correctional system. Department of Corrections is an agency of the state that is responsible for the supervision and management of convicted felonsRead MoreCriminology : Crime And Crime1410 Words   |  6 PagesCriminology is defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, which was written by author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., as â€Å"the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders† (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 20). People look at criminology in a big concept of criminal prevention but criminology in itself carries a wide variety of functions in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit crimes. Crime increases when theRead MoreThe Issue Of Adult Courts And Prisons1632 Words   |  7 Pagesheeding their cries for help, society subjects these children to the hardships of prisons. The sad truth is that the majority of juvenile cases are sent to adult courts and prisons, but we must consider the mental capacity and stability, along with external factors that make juveniles act out, and the only time the case should be sent to adult courts and prisons, is if heinous acts were taken and no other solution is possible. Children make mistakes. That is the whole point of being a child: to make mistakesRead MoreTherapeutic Jurisprudence And The Uniform Code Of Military Justice7095 Words   |  29 Pages THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE AND THE UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE (UCMJ) Lorna Kennedy* I. INTRODUCTION In recent years scholars, throughout the legal and educational domain, have considered a vast range of topics through a Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) lens, to include, the characteristics of mental disability law, family law, criminal law and criminal procedure, employment law, gay rights law, and tort law. But, nowhere has there been a comprehensive plea for therapeutic jurisprudenceRead MoreSouth Carolina Should Reduce Crime Rates Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesex-convicted felons, both genders (males and females), the opportunity to reevaluate their problems and learn from prior mistakes. This approach opens many doors and avenues to conquering new beginnings for inmates. However, majority of intimates are not aware of these programs. From volunteering at Alvin’s S. Glen Detention Center, learning that the program offers intimates the sole possibility to rebuild inmate’s lives. Problem that occurs is many intimate do not take the opportunity to use these programsRe ad MoreTherapeutic Jurisprudence And The Uniform Code Of Military Justice7095 Words   |  29 Pages THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE AND THE UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE (UCMJ) Lorna Kennedy* I. INTRODUCTION In recent years scholars, throughout the legal and educational domain, have considered a vast range of topics through a Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) lens, to include, the characteristics of mental disability law, family law, criminal law and criminal procedure, employment law, gay rights law, and tort law. But, nowhere has there been a comprehensive plea for therapeutic jurisprudence

Titanic The Titanic Of Titanic - 1650 Words

The Titanic: Dreams That Led to Disaster â€Å"The Titanic was the dream ship that no one ever thought could be destroyed.† The sinking of it was a horrible tragedy. The loss of lives was due to the design, the materials, and that the crew didn’t have updated technology. Maybe if they had more tools or less people, the Titanic wouldn’t have sunk (â€Å"Titanic: Flaws†). Is it true that the Titanic sunk because of an iceberg? History of the Titanic The Titanic was inspired by White Star’s competitor Cunard. They both are British shipping companies that competed for more customers. In 1907, Cunard completed two ships, the Lusitania and the Mauretania. They are both luxurious ships that could cross the ocean in a record of five days carrying people and mail. White Star wanted to top that so they decided to build three ships, one would be the largest that the world has ever seen. One of those ships would be the Titanic (Brewster and Coulter 6-7). It became a part of history by being the biggest ship to be built in the 1900’s and also the most luxurious. It was said to be â€Å"unsinkable† (Kent 19). The Building of the Titanic Later, William Pirrie and Viscount Ismay finalized the idea of the Titanic with J. Bruce Ismay, the head of White Star Lines. He thought that it would be a great idea to make the Titanic a lot bigger, faster, and luxurious. Then the Lusitania and her sister ship the Mauretania, made by their rival Cunard (Titanic: The Birth of a Legend). On â€Å"March 31, 1909†, at anShow MoreRelatedThe Titanic : A Titanic1384 Words   |  6 PagesR.M.S Titanic â€Å"Not even God himself could sink this ship,† an employee of the White Star Line carelessly stated at the launch of the Titanic on May 31, 1911. (Exhibit: Titanic) In April of 1912, the Titanic set sail from Southampton, England, to New York City in what is one of history’s deadliest disasters at sea. Unfortunately, the Titanic, on its maiden and final voyage, never reached its destination. Built by Harland and Wolf to be â€Å"unsinkable†, the Titanic was 883 feet long, 92 feet wide,Read MoreThe Titanic Of A Titanic1219 Words   |  5 Pages The Titanic crashed at 2:20 a.m. on April 15, 1912, the British ocean liner sinks into the North Atlantic Ocean. The massive ship, which carried 2,200 passengers and crew, had struck an iceberg two and half hours before sinking. The beginning which is the construction of the Titanic took 3 years with the help anywhere from three thousand to fifteen thousand men. The RMS Titanic took sail April 11, 1912 from Southampton, England in the hopes of New York City. The Titanic s passengers were dividedRead MoreTitanic1335 Words   |  6 PagesTitanic Titanic was the largest ship in the world, built by a workforce of 17,000. The ultimate in turn-of-the-century design and technology. First-class suites ran to more than $ 55,000 in todays dollars, and when she sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton, England on route to NY , she held among her 2,227 passengers. The cream of industrial society, including colonel John Jacob Astor. Macys founder; U.S. congressman Isidor Straus and Thomas Andrews, the ships builder. The ship wasRead MoreThe Titanic : The Main Outline Of The Titanic938 Words   |  4 Pageswas that iconic quote in the movie Titanic that was said by Rose to Jack, as they floated in the freezing Atlantic Ocean as the Titanic sank behind them. Of course, we all know what happens†¦she let’s go! But that’s not what I’m here to talk about. II. Most of us know how that love story went about, but not many know, including myself, the details of that tragic night that the Titanic sank, so that is why I decided to do research on The Titanic. III. The Titanic – from her maiden voyage, her shortRead MoreMovie Analysis : Titanic Movie Titanic 1455 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most paramount things in life. This is one of the main themes, along with that of arrogance, in the Oscar nominated movie â€Å"Titanic†, a love story about a young man and woman. Their love is shown throughout the depths of this movie through dialogue, camera angles, by the use of music, and how you can distinguish the character development in Rose. To begin, â€Å"Titanic† is a movie about the emerging yet proscribed love of young Rose DeWitt Bukater, played by Kate Winslet, who is of the upper classRead MoreThe Sinking Of The Titanic790 Words   |  4 PagesDakota Everett 11th English 27 October 2017 C.Ellison The Sinking of the Titanic April 14, 1912. A day that history will never forget. The greatest ship to be built sunk to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Undiscovered for 84 years. The Titanic was sailing smooth. Maybe a few bumps in the road. All of that changed on April 14, 1912. Around 11:30 P.M., Officer Fleet looked out into the ocean. He saw something dead ahead in the water, and they were going straight for it. It’s an iceberg. (WardRead MoreThe Sinking Of The Titanic1744 Words   |  7 PagesStewart 8). In April of 1912, The RMS Titanic hit an iceberg and sank 12,000 feet to the ocean floor. This incident cost the lives of over 1,500 passengers and crew members, over half the total people that had been on board (â€Å"Sinking†). The Titanic was the largest ship ever built when it entered service, at 882 feet long, 92 feet wide, and 175 feet high, and was touted as unsinkable (Hall 19,38; Yasuda 5,7; Hopkinson 25; â€Å"World’s†; Stewart 8). The Titanic disaster was a wake-up call for manyRead MoreCauses Of The Titanic808 Words   |  4 PagesThe Titanic: How did it sink? On April 14 of 1912, the passenger ship, Titanic, sank on its first-ever ocean voyage. â€Å"The Titanic had over 1,500 passengers and was longer than most buildings were tall.† (Robert D Ballard) The ship had been reported to have hit an iceberg. A few hours, later the giant ship broke into two pieces and sank into the depths of the ocean. The ship was lost until decades later when Robert D Ballard led a team in search of the Titanic. Until recently, most experts agreedRead MoreThe Sinking of the Titanic1110 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest ship ever built in its time sank. This ship was the â€Å"unsinkable† Titanic. The Titanic was built of the best materials during its construction. Being immensely massive and deemed unsinkable, many believed it was nothing but smooth sailing, but many were wrong. The Titanic was a place of romance, mystery, and tragedy. The maiden voyage seemed to be running smoothly, although it turned out to be the last the Titanic would eve r take. On that fateful night of 1912, many loved ones were separatedRead More The Titanic Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages The Titanic - History of a Disaster On April 14,1912 a great ship called the Titanic sank on its maiden voyage. That night there were many warnings of icebergs from other ships. There seems to be a conflict on whether or not the warnings reached the bridge. We may never know the answer to this question. The greatest tragedy of all may be that there were not enough lifeboats for everyone on board. According to Walter Lord, author of The Night Lives On, the Titanic could have been saved in the very

John Stewart Mill’s Idea of Utilitarianism free essay sample

It was in this article where Stewart was able to stray away from some of his god fathers ideas on utilitarianism he did not agree with, and really revolutionize the ways in which utilitarianism should be used. The period in which Stewart did his major writings during was the industrial revolution. This is important as it was Stewart’s hope that a utilitarian society would help society, as a whole, escape from the poverty that existed at this time. So what is this utilitarianism that is supposed to be able to help those in poverty? Stewart’s utilitarianism is often summed up by his idea of The Greatest Happiness Principle, (Mill 1861). What this means is that decisions in life, in morality, should be based on what will result in the greatest amount of good, or happiness, for the greatest amount of people. So basically, when making decisions one must not consider their own happiness, but rather how to morally make the decision that will make the most people happy. We will write a custom essay sample on John Stewart Mill’s Idea of Utilitarianism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To put this into other words in the hopes to further explain his point, consequences for ones actions must be thought of rather than the actual motif for doing so. This proves Stewarts idea of utilitarianism to be teleological as it is based on the results of actions, as well as it proves to not be egoistic as individuals happiness is not of concern but rather a collective happiness of all. Stewart believes that what people strive for in life is happiness and pleasure. He also believes that there are two types of pleasures: higher (intellectual) and lower (sensual/bodily). As he realizes that happiness is impossible to weigh mathematically, he also realizes that pleasure itself is a sort of utility as it is what human kind strives for in life. In saying this, Stewart also notes that happiness is found by having a balance of tranquility and excitement based on the two types of pleasures. Those who are selfish will never feel tranquil as they will never be satisfied or excited in Stewart’s opinion, (Mill 1861). Now that we understand Stewart’s notion of utilitarianism, we are stuck with the question of whether or not, in today’s contemporary society, are there still examples of utilitarianism? After some careful thinking and tedious research, the answer is of course yes, in contemporary society there still are examples of utilitarianism. An odd example of utilitarian practice existing in society is found in a piece of aboriginal literature. Although it is not quite modern enough to be listed as contemporary, it is still worth noting as it shows utilitarian principle’s being practice in a culture totally alien to Stewart. A highly touted aboriginal author by the name of Pauline Johnson wrote a short story titled, â€Å"We-hro’s Sacrifice. † It is the story of a young boy whom is said to be the chief’s son and his relationship with a little white dog he finds at a small age. The dog and the boy become attached at the hip until the boy is forced with a decision to make. A traditional sacrifice of a pure white dog is common among aboriginal communities. Seeing that there are no other pure white dogs in the village but the one that belongs to his son, the chief gives his boy the option of keeping the dog and remaining happy, or giving the dog up for the betterment of his village. Eventually the young boy realizes that the utilitarian decision is the right one and he gives his dog up for sacrifice, (Johnson 41). Although on a small scale, this story still manages to show utilitarian concepts in an aboriginal community. Now, in looking at contemporary society for examples of utilitarianism, the first two ideas that come to mind are both our education and health care systems. Firstly, in taking a look at our education system, it clearly uses utilitarian concepts to support itself. Even though not everyone goes to school, you are still forced to pay taxes that go towards keeping the education system going. This is because the government believes that the education system does the greatest number of good for the greatest number of people. Meaning that although you personally might not be in school, the education system is still essential for society to keep moving forward. Children need to be educated so they will have the tools to be a positive member of society. Therefore, our education system is clearly based off of utilitarian values, but what about our health care system? Yes, it is true that some people in fact do live quite healthy lives and do not typically rely on the health care system regularly to stay alive. But in saying this, the health care system still will produce the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people. Whether or not you are in and out of the hospital, odds are you know someone or have someone close to you that is. Our health care system is essential to keep the greater number of people healthy and happy so there is no wonder our government has taxes to help sustain the system. Although this seems like a rather odd way to look at health care as it is so standard to us in Canada, it is still based off of utilitarian values just like our education system. Therefore, in contemporary society it is obvious that there still are utilitarian values that affect the way in which things are run. Allowing what is best for the greatest number of people helping make your moral decisions is a tool that can be very useful, but also can lead to some really tough decisions. Having a complete utilitarian society could possibly spoil individual’s entire life as they are not focusing on their own happiness, but everyone that their moral decision will affect. This might lead them to lead a life making decisions that never fulfill their own happiness but only those around them.

Wolves Essay Example For Students

Wolves Essay The wolf was once a much slandered animal. In the western world, people feared and hated wolves, and this legacy is reflected in stories such as Little Red Riding Hood and The Boy Who Cried Wolf. In these popular childrens tales the wolf is made out to be a prowler and a killer of livestock and people. There is some basis for The Boy Who Cried Wolf, for wolves have killed cattle and sheep. But what of Little Red Riding Hood? There are no records of wolves killing humans in Canada or the United States. Yet, when wolves were spotted near rural communities, fear used to grip the populace. Over time this has become less prevalent. Today, many people know that scientists studying wolves have lived very close to dens where there were pups without being attacked. They have even taken pups from a den without being injured. The parents have usually run away, returning later only to take their young to a more private den or to a rendezvous site (a place where the pack meets). We will write a custom essay on Wolves specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In areas where wolves are hunted or trapped they fear people and are very wary. However, in remote places, such as in the Canadian Arctic, they show little fear and will often allow people to live near them. Two hundred years ago wolves Canis lupus, also known as gray wolves, were more widely distributed than any other mammal of historic times. They lived in large areas of North America, Europe, and Asia; the only places they could not occupy were deserts, tropical rain forests, and peaks of the highest mountain ranges. Wolves still live in large areas of the northern hemisphere; however, their primitive range has been greatly reduced due to changes in the landscape and peoples efforts to exterminate them. In North America, wolves have been exterminated in the Atlantic provinces, Mexico, the United States (except Minnesota, Alaska, and some of the western states), and the heavily populated areas of southern Canada. They are still common in lightly settled portions of Canada from Labrador to British Columbia and in the Yukon and Northwest Territories (see map). The red wolf C. rufus was once common in the southeastern United States. It has been eliminated in the wild. However, through a captive breeding program, the species is being reintroduced into its former range. Oh, they look just like dogs, is an appropriate comment often heard near wolf pens in a zoo, for dogs are descendants of wolves. It is virtually impossible to describe the typical appearance of wolves. Wolves of many large arctic islands and Greenland usually appear snow-white from a distance, but closer up often reveal gray, black, or reddish shades. Wolves of northern North America and Eurasia vary in color. A single pack may contain animals that are black, shades of gray-brown, and white. Wolves in the heavily forested areas of eastern North America are more uniform in color. They are often a grizzled gray-brown like some German shepherd dogs. This color variation is a good example of natural selection, which enables those animals best suited to a particular environment to survive. On the arctic islands, where much of the ground is snow-covered for at least nine months of the year, being white is a distinct advantage, so wolves in the Arctic may be nearly white. In the mottled grey, green, and brown world of the eastern forests the normal coat of the wolf is an effective camouflage. As a wolf moves stealthily, or rests, it blends into the background and is hardly seen. Wolves in the Arctic have extremely dense under-fur, which insulates them against rigorous winters. Another adaptation to environment is their habit of hunting in packs, or groups, which enables them to kill large animals deer, elk, moose, caribou, bison, and musk oxen. The wolves habit of hunting in packs has resulted in the development of complex patterns of social behavior. Wolves are gregarious: they not only hunt in packs or groups but live most of their lives with other wolves. Studies in Alaska, Minnesota, Michigan (Isle Royale), and parts of Canada (Algonquin Provincial Park and Jasper, Banff, and Wood Buffalo national parks) show that a family made up of male, female, and pups is the basic pack unit. Other adults are pups of previous years or, more rarely, adults from other packs. Adolescent wolves have been learning to hunt for at least a year, so can probably hunt big game animals, wolves usual prey, with the rest of the pack. .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e , .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .postImageUrl , .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e , .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e:hover , .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e:visited , .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e:active { border:0!important; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e:active , .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u991743a8074eab40b9dcdfe9279e6a9e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen suicide EssayStudies of wolf packs in captivity show a highly organized social structure centering on a dominant male and a dominant female. A dominant wolf holds its tail high, stands stiff-legged, and bristles its mane. In its presence, a subservient animal cowers on the ground with its ears back or stands with its tail between its legs, maintaining a slinking posture. The pack bond is strongest during winter, when the wolves travel and hunt together. In summer, when the pups are young, the adults seldom go on long forays. They may hunt together occasionally after meeting at the den or home site where the pups are being cared for. Wolves differ from domestic dogs in their reproductive cycles. Male dogs can breed at any time of year and females every six months, whereas both male and female wolves in the wild can breed only once a year. In captivity, male wolves can successfully breed with more than one female. Breeding time varies with the latitude but most commonly occurs in March and April. After a nine-week gestation period, litters of five or six pups (sometimes eight or more) are born. Wolves usually reach sexual maturity in their second year. It is possible for younger animals to have pups, but this is not normally the case. A pack may include several mature females that can produce pups. Wolf pups are usually born in a den that, in coniferous forests and on tundra, is commonly dug in a type of soil that lends itself to digging, such as in an esker (caused by glacial melt water) or similar area. In mixed forest areas the den may be located in an old pine stump or rock crevice. The pack usually remains at the whelping den for a month or more unless it is disturbed. The pups remain at whelping dens for approximately two weeks. When they begin to move around outside, another member of the pack may sometimes baby-sit while the parents go hunting. Occasionally, the pups are left alone for a day or longer at a time. By mid-autumn they are traveling with the pack and participating in hunting and other pack activities. Frequent play helps young wolves develop hunting skills. Mature wolves can set up ambushes or drive prey toward other wolves. These learned (non-instinctive) skills originated in their clumsy attempts as pups to hide behind obstacles and then jump out at each other. Even in winter, after they are almost fully grown, pups continue to play in a variety of ways; chasing around a tree in a forest opening or having a fast-moving game on a wilderness lake with a piece of wood or garbage as the prize. Wolves are territorial. Each pack occupies an area that it will defend against intruders. Sizes of territories vary greatly and are dependent on the kind and abundance of prey available. When neighboring packs trespass into each others territories, fights often ensue that frequently result in the death of pack members. Subordinate wolves in the hierarchy are often forced out of the packs. When this happens, the lone wolves may find mates, then search for unoccupied areas where they can establish new packs. The howling of a wolf pack is one of the most awe-inspiring wilderness sounds. It is a form of communication among wolf packs. Wolves often howl spontaneously at a rendezvous site. This howling may be a form of song-fest, for the wolves apparently enjoy it. In one instance, a pack of arctic wolves separated from some pups by a fast-flowing river howled frequently for several hours. As they did so, the pups moved anxiously along the river bank. This howling seemed to be a form of calling or coaxing. Howling by a pack may also be a way of warning other packs to keep away from occupied territory and may serve to separate packs. .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d , .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .postImageUrl , .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d , .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d:hover , .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d:visited , .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d:active { border:0!important; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d:active , .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ab5f01b068e1e664bb4cd886909b94d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Advantages of Stupidity. EssayWolves chief prey are large mammals such as deer, moose, caribou, elk, bison, and musk oxen. Wolves also eat a variety of smaller mammals and birds, but these rarely make up more than a small part of their diet. Wolves work hard for their food. They have to. Studies show that they kill only about one large mammal for every 10 chased. In winter, they usually kill old or young animals when these are available, but when prey numbers decline they prey on all age groups, and it may take the entire pack to bring an animal down. In summer, much of the wolves diet comprises young animals born that year, because they are easiest to catch. In winter, scientists can study the hunting behaviour of wolves from aircraft, using radio transmitters, or by following their tracks in the snow. More recently, scientists have used collars that monitor movements by satellite technology. Opportunities for watching summer hunts are rare; therefore, much less is known about hunting habits in this season. Because wolves usually travel alone or in pairs in summer, much of the hunting may be of a different nature. Stealthy stalking may play a large part in summertime hunting, according to one scientist who has studied wolves intensively. People have long practised population control and extermination of wolves. At times, governments have paid a sum of money, called a bounty, for each animal killed. In Canada, the first bounty payment was made in Ontario (then Upper Canada) in 1792. Eventually bounties were paid in every province and territory inhabited by wolves, but by 1973 they had been discontinued at the provincial and territorial level, except in the Northwest Territories. When Ontario repealed the wolf bounty in November 1972, it was replaced by the Wolf Damage to Livestock Compensation Act, which makes cash payments to farmers whose livestock is damaged by wolves or coyotes. In Quebec, bounties are occasionally offered by certain municipalities; however, since 1984 trapping and hunting of wolves is only allowed during part of the year. British Columbia and the prairie provinces now use traps and poisons to kill wolves inhabiting areas where they may threaten livestock or game populations. Wolves prey on big game animals and help to control their populations. Where wolves are absent (for example, Anticosti Island, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin), white-tailed deer have overpopulated their ranges and damaged forests. Food shortages and mass starvation of deer during the winter sometimes follow. Where wolves remain, hunting by humans and easier access to big game in wilderness areas has led to increasing competition between people and wolves for game animals, as elk, moose, deer, and caribou numbers decline. Wolves have already been exterminated in many places. However, there may be less danger of such excesses in the future, as wolf control is increasingly based on biology rather than emotion. There is now a greater awareness among people (hunters and others) that the killing by wolves of deer and other prey species, which we may want for ourselves, is not a sufficient reason for the extermination of wolves. Sometimes populations of game animals are critically low, so on biological grounds wolf control could be justified; however, control programs are always opposed by ever-increasing urban populations. Proposed wolf culls have become major political issues in many areas in North America. When controls are carried out, they need to be done to meet certain criteria, which are based on sound scientific information and stewardship of wildlife populations. In the wilderness scheme of things wolves play an important role. And from a human point of view, the great interest and value of having this intelligent animal as part of our wilderness heritage should be sufficient justification for allowing it to survive in a wide variety of wilderness and semi-wilderness areas all over the world.