The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance

AbstractThe followers inquiry root seeks to explore the correlativity amid employee affair in decision-making processes indoors the government and stressations military operation. The main focus remains to evaluate the existing academic books to demonstrate evidence that employee involvement and keep companionship initiatives produce tangible advantages for physical compositions. Hence, the enquiry considers theoretical approaches towards the involve of employee friendship on organizations exploit and examines empirical studies conducted on the subject stated above. The results of the following adopt ar mixed. While chosen empirical cases show that direct forms of employee enfolding collapse to im turn out organizations performance, such evidences have non been notice in audience to representative form of employee involvement.IntroductionOver the more or lesstime(prenominal) decades name reforms were implemented in arrangement to guarantee humanistic p atterns of figure and to improve the quality of working life. As the global business purlieu started to become more(prenominal) competitive in the 1980s, major focus shifted towards the productiveness and economic performance of the organizations. The organizations desire in the altogether avenues to gain competitive advantages over rival companies. According to the studies conducted in the 1980s by Gallup Organization, employees engaged in the companionships decision-making were more productive, customer-focused, profitable and more bequeathing to bank check and develop inwardly the organization (Dicke, 2006). Hence, human capital started to be perceived as the political partys most alpha as engraft (Belanger, 2000). presently a range of organizations including corporations, government agencies, schools and other non-profit organizations believe that employee involvement and union atomic number 18 crucial to the good economic performance (Boxal & Purcell 2011). Empl oyee date plays to the organizations efficiency in devil ways. First, it increases employees productivity. Second, it increases the companys capacity to react quickly to changing business environment. Therefore, employee involvement as a part of Human Resources Management (HRM) practices became a subject of many academic researches over the last decades. The scholars from mixed fields in industrial relations developed variant(a) approaches and models in order to provide new evidences on the linkage among HRM and business performance (Gonzales, 2009).The following research project examines the mend of employee involvement and interlocking on organizations performance. First, the project defines a term employment involvement and association and demonstrates two concepts of measuring employee involvement. Further, the project discusses theoretical knowledges on the linkage between employee participation and organizations performance. Finally, the project analyses empirical evidences of such relationships. The empirical chew over include the cases of direct and representative forms of employee participation.Employee involvement interpretationEmployee involvement, called to a fault players participation cornerstone be perceived as a variety of processes and structures which enable, and at times encourage employees to directly and confirmatively institute to and influence decision-making in the firm and in the wider society (Gonzales, 2009, p.8). The following definition advises that at that place be dissimilar activities through with(predicate) which the employees can influence decision-making processes inwardly the company. Generally, employee involvement can have a direct or indirect form. Direct involvement means that employees have an immediate influence on the decision-making processes within the company. Typical forms of direct involvement are employee surveys, police squad briefings, autonomous working groups or suggestion scheme s (rewards for meeting companys goals). confirmative involvement (representative involvement) means that a particularized group which represents all employees is tangled in the decision-making processes within the company. Common forms of indirect involvement are posting representations, work councils or task forces (Eurofund, 2009). In turn, Gonzales (2009) classified employee involvement into collar groups. These are informative, consultative and delegative participation. Informative participation refers to d causewards parley within the organization. Employees have been minded(p) discipline top-down about the organization and its competitors, their own department or their individual performance. Information sharing includes open communication processes as well as information disclosure. Consultative participation regards various schemes developed by the oversight team to gain opinion of its employees and can have a form of individual meetings, team briefings and employe es surveys. Delegative participation concerns various programmes which give employees capacity to make decisions on a particular set of issues and includes the forms such as problem-solving groups and semi-autonomous groups. Finally, Forth and Millward (2001) show three types of practices in reference to employee participation. These forms are individual supports (i.e. extensive information disclosure or specific training) task practices (i.e. quality circles or team work) and organizational supports (i.e. job protective covering or employee share ownership).A number of models measuring employee involvement and participation have been developed over the past decades. One of the most important seems to be a model presented by Marchington (2005). He identified quartet core aspects of employee participation within the companyThe degree of involvement this indicates the close of involvement to which employees, either directly or through their representatives, may handle some form of influence on management decisions. Scope the oscilloscope of management decisions that are open to influence by subordinate employees may differ depending on the subject matter and may range from empty to strategic decisions. The level the level at which the subordinates may be bear on in management decisions varies substantially and can range from departmental level, through to division and headquarter level. Forms of participation participation may be direct or indirect. Direct participation refers to the face-to-face involvement term, indirect participation occurs when workers are represented by trade unions in workers council or high-level computer address committees and through collective bargaining.Another interesting model has been developed by Cox et.al. (2006). This model identified two dimensions of employee involvement, breadth and depth. Breadth regards a number of various employee involvements practices and programmes implemented in a work place. Using divers ified merely complementary schemes of employee participation leads to steadyer force on the company through mutual reinforcement. It also indicates that the management team aims to maximise the profits of employee participation. In turn, depth concerns the quality of employee involvements practices within the company. This measure indicates how embedded the employee participations practices are within the company. Both breadth and depth are important as they are strongly linked with organizational commitment and job satisfaction (Hayman & stonemason 1995). That is, if employees views are taken into consideration and acted upon by the management, then they are more likely to demonstrate their commitment to the organization and indicate their satisfaction with their work. A major weakness of this measure is that the embeddedness of employee participation within the organization has a lot been assessed through management eyes rather than by analysing employee views on employee part icipation.Employee participation and companys performance theoretical approachThe idea of employee participation as a part of Human Resources Management practices has been researched by a number of scholars who underlined significant benefits of employee involvement schemes on the companys performance.Kanter (1982) postulated that democratic pillow slip of the decision-making processes within the organization brings more domineering outcomes than bureaucratic structure, as it involves companionship sharing between workers and managers. thespians seem to be meliorate certain than their managers with regard to the products and serve, processes and work tasks, as they are directly involved in these activities. Hence, their views and suggestions might be very valuable in developing companys strategy and achieving enhanced performance.In turn, Lawler (1990) listed a number of various benefits of employee involvement within the company. He pointed out that employee participation leads to more economical and innovative methods and procedures in a workplace and improves communication within the organization (between managers and workers as well as crossways work departments). Greater employee involvement results in higher(prenominal) job satisfaction and lower rung turnovers. Further, as employee participation concerns training and team work, it also leads to greater staff tractability and higher job motivation. Additionally, high work motivation and better work methods determine change magnitude rate of outputs and hence, contribute to the better quality of the products and serves offered by the company. Finally, better communication and improved worker-management relations reduce a number of disputes and contradicts within the organization and help to resolve existing conflicts in the most effective way. All these factors contribute to improved performance of the organization. It is also important to add that Lawler identified various veto solution s associated with employee involvement. One of them are expectations created amongst the employees. These expectations usually concern organizational changes, personal self-development and career advancement opportunities. If the organization fails to meet these expectations, it go away lead to dissatisfaction amongst workers. Employee participation causes also additional costs. ontogenesis new skills is associated with additional costly trainings. In turn, accepting new responsibilities by the employee automatically requires an increased in salary of such an employee. Participatory character of decision-making is also slower than traditional style of leadership as it involves a significant number of people that have to accept the decision (Lawler, 1990).Markowitz (1996) underlines higher morale of the employees and their greater commitment to performed job as a consequence of increased participation in the decision-making processes. As employees have a decision-making power, they forgather their duties more accurately. high uper productivity of the employees contributes to higher profits of the organization and greater stability within the industry (Jones, 2006).More recently, the effects of employee involvement were analysed by Appelbaum et.al (2000). Similarly like Lawler, the researchers emphasized the importance of information on the fruit (service) processes possessed by employees. The organization should aim to gain such knowledge from its employees in order to stay profitable. However, three conditions have to be met by the company to gain such knowledge. Employees need to be involved in substantive decisions. They are required to have specific skills and they need to be given appropriate work incentives. This approach indicated that employees cannot provide valuable information to the organizations management if these conditions are not met. Additionally, employees are not willing to provide such information if they are not given appropriate ince ntives. Hence, this approach underlines the important of coherent and accurate HRM practices within the company (Jones, et.al., 2006).Grimsrud and Kvinge (2010) postulate that employee participation is associated with the features such as responsibility, control rights, rights on gross and risk taking. The companies are characterized by the areas of joint interests of employers and employees as well as by the areas where the conflicting interests appear. In particular, the author focuses on two conflict areas. These are principle-agent problem and plain-rider problem. Principle-agent issue concerns divergent approach of the organization (owners and management team) and employees towards the inputs of work and distribution of created outputs. While the organization aims to achieve higher grok productivity and higher value added and keep fixed salaries at the same(p) time, employees intend to share higher profits. Free rider issue refers to the part when the organization cannot mo nitor individual contribution of its employees to the organizations development and hence, individual rewards of employees depend on joint efforts. Hence, the organization tends to implement practices that will improve the productivity of employees, while employees seek to take advantage of such situation and gain additional benefits (i.e. higher return rights) in substitute of improved productivity.Employee participation and companys performance empirical evidencesA number of scholars sought empirical evidences of the positive correlativity between employee participation and organizations performance. Some scholars found their analysis on the examples of a single organization (i.e. Jones, 2006) or selected industry (i.e. Sesil, 1999), while others examined the various businesses crossways the region (i.e. Guerrero and Barraud-Didier). Some researchers decided on a wider cross-country study (i.e. Gonzales, 2009 Grimsrud and Kvinge, 2010). Due to the scope of the following pro ject, besides key findings of selected empirical researches will be presented.At the individual company level, Bartel (2004) conducted research on HRM practices amongst the branches of voluminous bank. He proved that recognition system and performance feedback were of key logical implication for employees of this bank. Implementing these particular HRM practices contributed to the increasd sales of loans (Gonzales, 2009). In turn, Jones et.al. (2006) examined the influence of innovative HRM practices on performance of a Finnish company in the retail services sector. They proved that employees who have been given opportunities to participate in decision-making process within the company, to gather solid information and to gain rewards were willing to increase their productivity. It is crucial to nib that these HRM practices were implemented in settings where employee were characterized by low skills and were assigned relatively saucer-eyed tasks.At the industry level, Sesil (19 99) analysed the tinct of employee participation and group incentives on the companys performance in high technology industry in the UK. The research included 118 companies, primarily in electronics and engineering and concerned various aspects of employee participation such as quality involvement, presence of union, multi-skilling of employees, communication between employees and management, strategic planning and establishment plan. Additionally, the researcher examined the bonuses for employee as a form of group incentives. The research revealed that bonuses, quality involvement and multi-skilling had large positive effects on companys outcomes, while other variables showed no impact on performance. Hence, these results indicated that there is strong correlativity employee participation and the companys performance. This effect is even stronger if the employee involvement is combined with group incentives.At the country level, Guerrero and Barraud-Didier (2004) focused on high -involvement practices and their impact on French firms. The research was based on the questionnaire conducted amongst 180 large companies in France. 57% of these companies originated in the industrial sector, while remaining 43% in the services sector. The study concerned four major HRM practices, namely say-so, compensation, communication as well as training and skills development. The following study revealed that empowerment was a key determining(prenominal) of improved companys performance, while communication and training had a minor effect on organizational results. In turn, compensation showed no influence on companys outputs. The following study underlined that the company should ensure enriched and challenging activities in order to manage employee participation. Further, the study postulated that the companies should foster open communication and power sharing amongst management and employees in order to develop participatory style of leadership as this style contrib utes to better HRM within the company and improved companys performance.In the cross-country context, Grimsrud and Kvinge (2010) conducted research on the economic impact of representative participation in eight countries1. The research took form of perception studies which means that the respondents are asked to indicate whether different participation initiatives are believed to have an impact on different output measure (Grimsrud and Kvinge, 2010, p. 149) and investigated various forms of representative participation such as work councils, trade unions or joint management union committees. The following study showed very mixed results. Most of the analysis demonstrated that there was no correlation between employee participation and companys productivity or such correlation was negative, while scarce several studies account small positive productivity gains of employee participation. For instance, the study conducted on work councils amongst the German companies revealed that these councils had a positive impact on labour productivity while they influenced negatively companys profitability. Similarly, the analysis of the Japanese companies showed a positive correlation between trade unions and labour productivity and negative correlation between trade unions and companys benefits. Finally, the research amongst the British companies demonstrated that trade unions had a negative impact on productivity appendage as well as on climate of relations between managers and employees at the workplace. ConclusionsTo sum up employee participation became a subject of theoretical debate and empirical analysis amongst the scholars. A number of researchers underlined positive correlation between employee involvement and organizations performance. Precisely, employee participation (either direct or indirect) brings a valuable knowledge of products and services delivered by the organization and hence, contribute to the organizations performance. Additionally, employee pa rticipation leads to higher job satisfaction and increased labour productivity as well as to lower staff rotation. These factors also determine organizations success. On the other hand, some scholars stress various conflict areas within an organization (principle-agent issue free rider problem) that might have a negative influence on the organizations outputs.Three empirical cases presented in the following paper revealed that direct employee involvement in decision-making processes within an organization contributed to its better performance. Employee empowerment and information sharing as well as financial rewards seemed to be mainly responsible for this improved performance. Employees must thus be sought for ideas on how organizational performance and quality of product or service can be improved. There is the need for management to ensure initiation of employment participation programmes and initiatives that contribute to employee involvement in decision-making processes. Not o nly should the emphasis be placed on the existence of such initiatives but also on the embeddedness of such initiatives within the organization.The evidence on strong correlation between employee participation and organizations performance has not been found in reference to indirect forms of employee involvement. Although the following paper examined only one case of representative participation, this case included analysis across various countries and industries. This study revealed that employee participation had only minor positive impact on labour productivity while no effects (or negative effects) on overall companys performance have been observed. filename extensionBelanger, J. (2000). The influence of employee involvement on productivity a review of research. take away Human Resources Development Canada.Boxall, P. and J. Purcell (2011). Strategy and Human Resource Management. Basingstoke Macmillan.Cox, A., S. Zagelmeyer and M. Marchington (2006). Embedding employee involveme nt and participation at work. In Human Resource Management Journal, 16 (3), pp.250267.Dicke, C. (2006). Employee engagement and change management. New York CAHRS.Eurofund, (2009). Employee involvement online Available from (Accessed on 14.05.2012).Forth, J. and Millward, N. (2001). The impact of unions on pay levels in lower-skilled jobs. National Institute Economic Review. 176, pp. 76-90.Gonzales, M. (2009). Workers involvement at the workplace and job quality in Europe. Edinburgh RECWOWE Publications.Grimsrud, B, and Kvinge, T. (2010). Productivity Puzzles should employee participation be an issueNordic Journal of Political Economy, 36, pp. 139-167.Guerro, S. and Barraud-Didier, V. (2004). High-involvement practices and performance f French firms. International Journal of Human Resources Management. 15(8). pp.1408-1423.Hyman, J & B. Mason (1995). Managing Employee appointment and Participation. London Sage.Jones, D., Kalmi, P. and Kauhanen, A. (2006). How does employee involve ment stack upThe effects of Human Resources Management policies on performance in retail firm. New York Cornell University ILR School.Kanter, R. (1982). Dilemma of Managing Participation. Organizational Dynamics. (summer). pp. 5-27.Lawler, E. (1990). High Involvement Management. Participative Strategies for Improving Organizational Performance. San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers.Marchington, M. (2005). Employee involvement Patterns and explanations. In (ed.) Harley, B., J. Hyman and P. Thompson Participation and nation at work. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Sesil, J. (1999). The impact of employee involvement and group incentives on performance in UK high technology establishments. New Jersey School of Management and bray Relations.

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian cope is unriv e real(prenominal)ed of the close signifi ignoret results of the Age of geographic expedition and the starting signal Global Age. Food products, inventory and distempers be hardly lead ele ments of the Columbian transpose. As Columbus disc everywhere America and Western atomic number 63 discovered the various economic opportunities available in the New public, pastoral exchanges in the midst of the two regions led to exchanges of other items. Within decades of Columbus voyages, the trans Atlantic slave trade had begun and hundreds of thousands of native Americans died of unsoundnesss brought to America by europiumans and Africans.The early Spanish conquistadors brought gunpowder and the horse to America as hygienic as the Catholic Christian Church. Indeed, the conquistadors brought priests with them and complete missions such(prenominal) as St. Augustine, San Diego and San Antonio. The Spanish besides brought African slaves to lop on dulcorate plantations. New foods for both europium and the Americas was a major(ip) quit of the Columbian rally. The Americas provided such new foods as corn, the potato, the tomato, peppers, pumpkins, squash, pineapples, cacao beans (for chocolate) and the brisk potato.Also, such animals as turkeys, provided a new food source for Europeans. Tobacco, an American product, was also carried to Europe. From Europe, the Americas were introduced to such livestock as cattle, pig and sheep as well as grains such as wheat. African products introduced to the Americas included items originally from Asia were brought to the watt by European traders and African slaves. These items included the onion, citrus fruits, bananas, coffee beans, olives, grapes, sift and sugar cane.The Columbian shifta phrase coined by historiographer Alfred Crosbydescribes the supercede of plants, animals, and indispositions between the overage World and the Americas following Columbuss r severally in t he Caribbean in 1492. For reasons beyond human control, rooted ambiguous in the different evolutionary histories of the continents, the Columbian swop massively benefited the deal of Europe and its colonies musical composition deliverance catastrophe to Native Americans. Psst Check Out These Resources The Columbian Exchange Statistics The Columbian Exchange Quotes The Columbian Exchange Photos The Columbian Exchange slightness The Columbian Exchange Primary Sources Why Should I Care? The Columbian Exchange Its a relatively obscure concept, developed by a relatively obscure historian. Most passel have never plain hear of it. Its definitionthe transmission of non-native plants, animals, and diseases from Europe to the Americas, and vice versa, after 1492doesnt well-grounded actually sexy. And yet the Columbian Exchange nevertheless may be the wholeness just about important scourt in the modern floor of the worldly concern.The Columbian Exchange explains wherefor e Indian nations collapsed and European colonies thrived after Columbuss arrival in the New World in 1492. The Columbian Exchange explains wherefore European nations quickly became the wealthiest and closely powerful in the world. The Columbian Exchange explains wherefore Africans were sold into slavery on the further side of the mari while to dig in fields of tobacco, sugar, and cotton. The Columbian Exchange even explains why pasta marinara has tomato sauce. If you dont understand the Columbian Exchange, you cannot truly understand the rams that embodiment the world we live in today.You cannot understand why you speak the row you speak, why you live in the nation you live in, or even why you eat the food you eat. If you dont understand the Columbian Exchange, much of what you call back you distinguish about the history of the Americas may be wrong. Spanish soldiers did less(prenominal) to vote out the Incas and Aztecs than variola did. Divine Providence did less to bl ess the prude settlers of the mayflower with good health and portion than the Pilgrims own immune systems did. In the Columbian Exchange, ecology became destiny.Powerful environmental forces, understood by no oneness alive at the time and by very hardly a(prenominal) sight even today, determined who would thrive and who would die. And that may be the most frightful truth revealed to those who take the time to understand the Columbian Exchange we, as humans, cannot always control our own destinies. The most important historical actors in this story are not Christopher Columbus or Moctezuma or Hernan Cortes. They are the variola major virus, the pig, the potato, and the kernel of corn. The Columbian Exchange Summary & epitomeThe plentiful Picture Who, What, When, Where & (E particular(a)ly) Why Columbus Discovery, Ecology and Conquest anisometric Exchange Food for Disease History as Demography The drawback of nonagenarian World civilizations reliance upon domesticated anim als came in increased incidence of disease. some(prenominal) of the worlds nastiest illnesses put on from bugs that have leapt back and forth between people and their animals. globe caught smallpox from their cows, flu from their fowl, bubonic elicit from the rats who lived in their houses.By the time of Columbus, the Old World was wracked by indigenous contagions of dozens of asleep(predicate)ly diseases, which kept invigoration expectancies low and infant mortality rates high. Largely collectible to the ravages of disease (especially bubonic plague), the population of Europe in 1492 was lower than it had been cc years earlier. Jared Diamond, best-selling author of Guns, Germs, and Steel, popularized the notion that European imperialism succeeded due to European advantages over other people in the areas of, well guns, germs, and steel. As faraway as colonization of the Americas is concerned, though, guns and steel were all but immaterial.The germs alone were seemly. Th e condition conquistador evokes memories of Cortes and Pizarro, but in truth the greatest conquistadors of the New World were smallpox and influenzanot to mention typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, measles, scarlet fever, yellow fever, and malaria. Every one of these diseases, endemic to the Old World, spread to the Americas after 1492 with catastrophic effects for endemic people there. (In return, the Americas afflicted the Old World with only one major melancholysyphilis. And even that is in dispute scientists and historians remain divided on whether the disease truly originated in the New World. Old World diseases lethal enough already on their continents of originbecame exponentially more good in America, where they spread as virgin-soil epizootics among native populations totally lacking in immunities to them. (In Europe and Africa, countless children died from diseases like smallpox and malaria those who survived, however, built up antibodies that inoculated them against gr eat(p) infection. Since no Native Americans had ever collide withed these diseases, none built up each immunity, exit entire populations as virgin soil for infection.When the diseases struck, entire communities could be felled in a matter of days. ) Virgin-soil epidemics are among the deadliest phenomena ever experienced by humankind, and the goal toll of the pandemics unleashed in the Americas by the Columbian Exchange far exceeded that of historys most famous virgin-soil epidemic, Europes Black Death (an outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1340s). The cataclysmic effects of virgin-soil epidemics struck Native American societies on the button as they faced the threat of European invasion, decisively reducing the natives mental ability to survive colonization. It is worth noting that devastating smallpox pandemics struck both the Aztecs and Incas just forwards their respective disastrous encounters with Cortes and Pizarro. ) manuscriptan Mystery De Soto and La Salle Perhaps the most apprehend evidence of the consequences of virgin-soil epidemics came from the entrada** of Hernando *de* Soto, who led an army of conquistadors deep into the North American mainland in 1539. De Soto hoped to find gold in the country that today comprises the south unify States he ended up leading more than 600 men and hundreds of livestock on a four-year wild goose chase.In the end, his mission proved to be a fiascotwo-thirds of the men, including De Soto himself, died without ever finding a take in of goldbut De Sotos expedition powerfully illustrated the destructive force of smallpox, which manifestly spread from his pigs to the people of the Mississippi Valley. Before leaving, De Sotos men save their impressions of the Mississippian peoplethey found dense settlements, with large villages and cities often sited within enchant of each other, separated by carefully tended fields of corn.After De Soto go away the country, no European returned for more than 100 years. When the French explorer La Salle canoed worst the Mississippi Valley in 1682, he found very a couple of(prenominal) villages, no cities, and no fields of corn, but instead a embellish almost devoid of people and overrun by overawe* (which De Soto had ostensibly never encountered). * In the 140 years that passed between the explorations of De Soto and La Salle, some thing change the Mississippi Valley from a densely populated Indian heartland into a virtually deserted wilderness.That something was almost certainly smallpox. The landscape encountered by La Salle was not, as he believed, a primeval wilderness, but or else an ecosystem that had late experienced the sudden destruction of its keystone speciesIndians. The buffalo wandered in because few Indians survived to hunt them. * * From Canada to the Tierra del Fuego, the indige*Epidemic* Disease and Manifest Destiny neither Europeans nor Indians had any scientific reason of the ecological processes that had so profoundly mold their encounter. two groups understood phenomena like agricultural abundance or epidemic disease in spiritual harm, as the respective state of graces or punishments of their gods. Thus, the essential facts of the European-American encounterthat Indians seemed to be wasting away, opening bounteous lands to the newcomers from across the Atlanticacquired deep cultural and ideological meanings in the minds of the colonists who eventually founded the United States.not understanding the scientific processes at work, Anglo-Americans interpreted their ongoing good fortune as proof of gods special endorsement of their nation. For example, John WinthropPuritan older and stolon governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colonyperceived comprehend conjure up of the colonists venture in the Indians Great Dying For the natives, Winthrop wrote, they are neere all dead of Small poxe, so as the Lord hathe cleared our human activity to what we possess. 3 A Frenchman on La Salles voyage down the Mississippi captured the sentiment even more bluntly Touching these savages, there is a thing I cannot omit to remark to you, it is that it appears visibly that beau ideal wishes that they turn in their federal agency to new peoples. 4 Through generations of successful colonizationin which the descendents of Europe built some of the worlds healthiest and wealthiest societies in the lands vacated by the Indianswhite Americans conviction that their front end in America had received a special blessing from God only grew stronger.The cultural and ideological origins of manifest destiny and American exceptionalism can be found in the exceptionally uneven terms of the Columbian Exchange. Only recently have we become fully witting that the special advantages enjoyed by Europeans in their encounter with Indians were bestowed less by God than by ecology. nous inhabitants of the Americas suffered similar calamities, the Columbian Exchange of diseases ravaging Indian communities and fa cilitating the European takeover of the hemisphere. Top of FormThe Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange is one of the most significant results of the Age of Exploration and the First Global Age. Food products, livestock and diseases are but three elements of the Columbian Exchange. As Columbus discovered America and Western Europe discovered the various economic opportunities available in the New World, agricultural exchanges between the two regions led to exchanges of other items. Within decades of Columbus voyages, the trans Atlantic slave trade had begun and hundreds of thousands of native Americans died of diseases brought to America by Europeans and Africans.The early Spanish conquistadors brought gunpowder and the horse to America as well as the Catholic Christian Church. Indeed, the conquistadors brought priests with them and established missions such as St. Augustine, San Diego and San Antonio. The Spanish also brought African slaves to work on sugar plantations. New foo ds for both Europe and the Americas was a major part of the Columbian Exchange. The Americas provided such new foods as corn, the potato, the tomato, peppers, pumpkins, squash, pineapples, cacao beans (for chocolate) and the sweet potato.Also, such animals as turkeys, provided a new food source for Europeans. Tobacco, an American product, was also carried to Europe. From Europe, the Americas were introduced to such livestock as cattle, pig and sheep as well as grains such as wheat. African products introduced to the Americas included items originally from Asia were brought to the west by European traders and African slaves. These items included the onion, citrus fruits, bananas, coffee beans, olives, grapes, rice and sugar cane.The Columbian Exchangea phrase coined by historian Alfred Crosbydescribes the interchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the Americas following Columbuss arrival in the Caribbean in 1492. For reasons beyond human control, rooted de ep in the divergent evolutionary histories of the continents, the Columbian Exchange massively benefited the people of Europe and its colonies while bringing catastrophe to Native Americans. Psst Check Out These Resources The Columbian Exchange Statistics The Columbian Exchange Quotes The Columbian Exchange Photos The Columbian Exchange Trivia The Columbian Exchange Primary Sources Why Should I Care? The Columbian Exchange Its a relatively obscure concept, developed by a relatively obscure historian. Most people have never even heard of it. Its definitionthe transmission of non-native plants, animals, and diseases from Europe to the Americas, and vice versa, after 1492doesnt sound very sexy. And yet the Columbian Exchange just may be the single most important event in the modern history of the world.The Columbian Exchange explains why Indian nations collapsed and European colonies thrived after Columbuss arrival in the New World in 1492. The Columbian Exchange explains why Europ ean nations quickly became the wealthiest and most powerful in the world. The Columbian Exchange explains why Africans were sold into slavery on the far side of the ocean to toil in fields of tobacco, sugar, and cotton. The Columbian Exchange even explains why pasta marinara has tomato sauce. If you dont understand the Columbian Exchange, you cannot truly understand the forces that shape the world we live in today.You cannot understand why you speak the language you speak, why you live in the nation you live in, or even why you eat the food you eat. If you dont understand the Columbian Exchange, much of what you think you know about the history of the Americas may be wrong. Spanish soldiers did less to defeat the Incas and Aztecs than smallpox did. Divine Providence did less to bless the Puritan settlers of the Mayflower with good health and fortune than the Pilgrims own immune systems did. In the Columbian Exchange, ecology became destiny.Powerful environmental forces, understood b y no one alive at the time and by very few people even today, determined who would thrive and who would die. And that may be the most shocking truth revealed to those who take the time to understand the Columbian Exchange we, as humans, cannot always control our own destinies. The most important historical actors in this story are not Christopher Columbus or Moctezuma or Hernan Cortes. They are the smallpox virus, the pig, the potato, and the kernel of corn. The Columbian Exchange Summary & AnalysisThe Big Picture Who, What, When, Where & (Especially) Why Columbus Discovery, Ecology and Conquest Unequal Exchange Food for Disease History as Demography The drawback of Old World civilizations reliance upon domesticated animals came in increased incidence of disease. Many of the worlds nastiest illnesses derive from bugs that have leapt back and forth between people and their animals. Humans caught smallpox from their cows, influenza from their fowl, bubonic plague from the rats who liv ed in their houses.By the time of Columbus, the Old World was wracked by endemic contagions of dozens of deadly diseases, which kept life expectancies low and infant mortality rates high. Largely due to the ravages of disease (especially bubonic plague), the population of Europe in 1492 was lower than it had been 200 years earlier. Jared Diamond, best-selling author of Guns, Germs, and Steel, popularized the notion that European imperialism succeeded due to European advantages over other people in the areas of, well guns, germs, and steel. As far as colonization of the Americas is concerned, though, guns and steel were all but immaterial.The germs alone were enough. The word conquistador evokes memories of Cortes and Pizarro, but in truth the greatest conquistadors of the New World were smallpox and influenzanot to mention typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, measles, scarlet fever, yellow fever, and malaria. Every one of these diseases, endemic to the Old World, spread to the Americas a fter 1492 with catastrophic effects for indigenous people there. (In return, the Americas afflicted the Old World with only one major afflictionsyphilis. And even that is in dispute scientists and historians remain divided on whether the disease truly originated in the New World. Old World diseaseslethal enough already on their continents of originbecame exponentially more dangerous in America, where they spread as virgin-soil epidemics among native populations totally lacking in immunities to them. (In Europe and Africa, countless children died from diseases like smallpox and malaria those who survived, however, built up antibodies that inoculated them against adult infection. Since no Native Americans had ever encountered these diseases, none built up any immunity, leaving entire populations as virgin soil for infection.When the diseases struck, entire communities could be felled in a matter of days. ) Virgin-soil epidemics are among the deadliest phenomena ever experienced by hum ankind, and the death toll of the pandemics unleashed in the Americas by the Columbian Exchange far exceeded that of historys most famous virgin-soil epidemic, Europes Black Death (an outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1340s). The cataclysmic effects of virgin-soil epidemics struck Native American societies just as they faced the threat of European invasion, decisively reducing the natives capability to resist colonization. It is worth noting that devastating smallpox pandemics struck both the Aztecs and Incas just before their respective disastrous encounters with Cortes and Pizarro. ) Mississippian Mystery De Soto and La Salle Perhaps the most arresting evidence of the consequences of virgin-soil epidemics came from the entrada** of Hernando *de* Soto, who led an army of conquistadors deep into the North American mainland in 1539. De Soto hoped to find gold in the country that today comprises the southeastern United States he ended up leading more than 600 men and hundreds of lives tock on a four-year wild goose chase.In the end, his mission proved to be a fiascotwo-thirds of the men, including De Soto himself, died without ever finding a trace of goldbut De Sotos expedition powerfully illustrated the destructive force of smallpox, which apparently spread from his pigs to the people of the Mississippi Valley. Before leaving, De Sotos men recorded their impressions of the Mississippian peoplethey found dense settlements, with large villages and cities often sited within view of each other, separated by carefully tended fields of corn.After De Soto left the country, no European returned for more than 100 years. When the French explorer La Salle canoed down the Mississippi Valley in 1682, he found very few villages, no cities, and no fields of corn, but instead a landscape almost devoid of people and overrun by buffalo* (which De Soto had apparently never encountered). * In the 140 years that passed between the explorations of De Soto and La Salle, something tran sformed the Mississippi Valley from a densely populated Indian heartland into a virtually deserted wilderness.That something was almost certainly smallpox. The landscape encountered by La Salle was not, as he believed, a primeval wilderness, but rather an ecosystem that had recently experienced the sudden destruction of its keystone speciesIndians. The buffalo wandered in because few Indians survived to hunt them. * * From Canada to the Tierra del Fuego, the indige*Epidemic* Disease and Manifest Destiny Neither Europeans nor Indians had any scientific understanding of the ecological processes that had so profoundly shaped their encounter.Both groups understood phenomena like agricultural abundance or epidemic disease in spiritual terms, as the respective blessings or punishments of their gods. Thus, the undeniable facts of the European-American encounterthat Indians seemed to be wasting away, opening bounteous lands to the newcomers from across the Atlanticacquired deep cultural and ideological meanings in the minds of the colonists who eventually founded the United States.Not understanding the scientific processes at work, Anglo-Americans interpreted their ongoing good fortune as proof of Gods special endorsement of their nation. For example, John WinthropPuritan elder and first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colonyperceived divine blessing of the colonists venture in the Indians Great Dying For the natives, Winthrop wrote, they are neere all dead of Small poxe, so as the Lord hathe cleared our title to what we possess. 3 A Frenchman on La Salles voyage down the Mississippi captured the idea even more bluntly Touching these savages, there is a thing I cannot omit to remark to you, it is that it appears visibly that God wishes that they yield their place to new peoples. 4 Through generations of successful colonizationin which the descendents of Europe built some of the worlds healthiest and wealthiest societies in the lands vacated by the Indianswhite Ameri cans conviction that their presence in America had received a special blessing from God only grew stronger.The cultural and ideological origins of manifest destiny and American exceptionalism can be found in the exceptionally uneven terms of the Columbian Exchange. Only recently have we become fully aware that the special advantages enjoyed by Europeans in their encounter with Indians were bestowed less by God than by ecology. nous inhabitants of the Americas suffered similar calamities, the Columbian Exchange of diseases ravaging Indian communities and facilitating the European takeover of the hemisphere. Top of Form

Schindlers List

Attitude is a little thing that makes a overlarge difference Winston Churchill. This relates to the photo Schindlers List as the main character Oskar Schindler has a major change in attitude towards the Jewish people. At the pedigree of the film Schindler is introduced as a selfish man looking to process the Jews as workers. While he witnesses the liquidation of the Ghettos Schindlers personality in brief changes as he releases he can make a difference. This is delegaten employ specific shots and lighting techniques.Through the use of hand-held cameras and camera shots use during the trespass of the Krakow Ghettos the chaos and fear makes an impact on the viewer. Hand-held cameras were employ in amongst the crowds of Jews and Nazi soldiers to give the viewer an experience of what these people went through and through during this pixilated time. The hand-held was apply when we see an old lady walking in an alley when we see Nazi troops approaching. High angle shots argon u sed to make the Jews look small and powerless during this scene. Whereas low angle shots are used to make the Nazi officials look powerful.The camera techniques aid to make an impact on the viewer during this scene. Schindlers change was shown through the effect of colour and lighting techniques. Lighting was used to reveal Schindlers change. Lighting was used when we see that his face is shown fully lit whereas in the beginning of the film his face is only half lit to show that he was a selfish man. Colour was used to show how important a crabby part of the scene was. This was shown when we see a little girl in red walking around the crowds of Jews being killed, while there is a childrens choir singing in the background.This scene had made Schindler finally realise what the Nazis were doing to the Jews was wrong. This shows that Schindler went through a change in attitude as he realises what the Jews have had to go through. The use of sound and music were used during the invasi on when the Jews are in hiding. Sound was used amongst the people as it had been silent and one sudden move there is a. The sound was used to make the The uses of visual techniques during the liquidation were to show the change that Schindler had gone through after witnessing the events of the iquidation. The importance of this scene was to show the difference of Schindler from how he was in the beginning of the film to what he had been changed into at the end. The liquidation also gave us a sight on the importance of how Schindler had used specific techniques to show his face being fully lit. As Edward Evenetthale once said I am only one, but I am one. I cannot do everything, but I can do something and I will not let what I cannot do interfere with what I can do.

ISIS Case Study Essay

ISIS is a terrorist conference that has brought much drama and concern to many of late. ISIS stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. They had actually begun as an al Qaeda splinter group. The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state crosswise Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. Its mainly cognize for killing dozens of mickle at a time and carrying out public executions, crucifixions and other acts. The group controls hundreds of square miles. It ignores the international borders and has a presence from Syrias Mediterranean sloping trough to south of Baghdad. ISIS rules by Sharia Law, the custom-based body of law based on the Koran and the religion of Islam.The leader of ISIS is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. There is not much known virtually him pertaining to where he is from, but he earned a doctorate in Islamic studies from a university in Baghdad. Al-Baghdadi was detained for four years in Camp Bucca, a U.S. run prison in southern Iraq. He was captured and imprisoned in 2005, whi ch means he was released in 2009. After ISIS declared the creation of the so-called Islamic State, he began to go by the bring out Al-Khalifah Ibrahim. Now, all of his followers no longer call him by Al-Baghdadi.A big reason why Americans are becoming worried about ISIS is that ISIS currently has about 300 members/militants with U.S. passports. Washington D.C. officials fear that American ISIS fighters leave alone travel home and use their terror training to launch fearsome attacks at either a single or multiple locations in the United States. I imagine this is a major problem. My view on ISIS is that we need to put a force on them and treat them as we treated al Qaeda. Yes, it may not be right to differentiate that we should send the marines and army out to Middle East again, but it is prerequisite in order to keep the United States safe. ISIS plans are to destroy nation in their way, and there are a few things stopping them from victorious over the Middle East. One of the things stopping them is the United States.ISIS instilled fear on everyone in the country when they released videos of their executions on prisoners. The executions varied from chopping off heads to crucifixions. That only leads you to believe what sick-minded things they have planned if they ever want to attack the United States. I believe it is only right if we go into total protection mode. non one person in this world wants to see another calamity like September 11th to happen again except for the terrorist tarriance around the world. ISIS has made themselves well known to the world. It has put the world on watch, and has everyone preparing themselves for protection and possibly war.

Performance Enhancing Drugs Speech (Issues)

Lets be honest here, taking drugs to change performance isnt a spur-of-the-moment mis condense, its a well aforethought(ip) and thought out way of cheating. Its not like they atomic number 18 sold over the counter at your local chemists (or are they? ) hatful ofttimes say they dont want to see druggies representing their sphere (wherever they are from) and so they should be banned for life, but can jocks that take performance enhancing drugs be labeled as druggies. Their physically fit in shape and generally healthy, everything a typical idea of a druggie isnt.Lifetime bans could acquire fewer convictions, because harsher punishment means greater burden of proof First, the cosmos is that a lifetime ban represents the harshest possible punishment for an athlete, for it takes away their livelihood, often without a fall-back plan ( conduct a 26-year-old cyclist what their endorse career selection is, for example). It is, literally, a case of off with their heads, because you may as well do this. Now, in order to do this fairly, you have to be absolutely, 100% original that you are punishing a person who deserves it.And sadly, the science is, as of this moment, not able to provide those guarantees, and in that location is always some doubt if an athlete wants to grapple the origin of a doping positive. So ask the following If on that point is a 2% fortune of a false positive test, wherefore how comfortable are we issuing lifetime bans? Then ask If there is a 10% chance of the positive dope test organism the result of contamination of supplements, then are we comfortable with a lifetime ban? Now, imagine being the decision maker who has to evaluate a legal case where the athlete says I do not contest the positive dope test, but my defence is that it came from a supplement (or meat). I was therefore not cheating. Can you confidently judge and condemn this person as a cheat? Given the science of anti-doping today, and the complexity of these cases , Id entreat that you simply cannot make this decision, and if your punishment option is to hand out a lifetime ban, Id argue that youre far less likely to find dopers shamefaced when presented with this defenceWe do not want our young people face up to people who use drugs, but we also do not want to give those who are in admired positions of proposed authority to be forgiven of their sins. However, we are more than unforced to allow those who use illicit road drugs a second and third, sometimes even a fourth chance at resolving themselves from what, these days, is being regarded as a disease alternatively of what it started out as- a very poor in the flesh(predicate) choice on the person who is now using.Steroids are not safe. We all know this. employ of these chassiss of drugs, when not prescribed for an actual ailment, cause more damage than good. We do not like when our heroes are found out to simultaneously be human as well as talented. It is far easier to see this sor t of behavior when it is displayed by a rock star or a spoiled rich kid, but when it is our heroes, we want to punish them severely, and more so than we would if the person in question were some street hooligan with no hope for a future.We will gladly help the hooligan, because that makes us a hero. We have helped a person lift themselves out of a personal and spiritual poverty and in the process have been given the chance to tell the world that because of something that we did, whether it is directly or indirectly, that person is now, in the look of better society, whole again, and it was all due to something we did for them.We are more willing to uplift an entire population of people who cannot even remember their bear on rather than allow those who could be the example of having done the bad thing, and now, after(prenominal) a lot of work and LOTS of apologizing, be the example that they were rationalize out to be. I say let them have a second and third chance at it all. And why not? We let adjourn heads, meth heads, alcoholics and wife beaters do it. Why not someone who has approach path to the media who can truly be the role model that they did not ask to be when they signed those multi-million dollar contracts?

Accounting in news

The article shall discuss about two watchword articles which has chronicle effect in Australia and internationally. Both articles book of facts the same have inter seam of scotch melt ware effect to account module and how it shall affect the account statement duties across Australia and abroad.One of it highlights on how staffs have lost faith with their employers due to economic hardship which the companies are going through while the other address the employment treads of accountant in Australia.The articles address a number of accounting issues. They disclose accounting issues and company behavior (Lyons 2009). Due to the economic hardships which close to of the companies have been going through has affected their books of account which in good turn has affected their investment, and spending.Aequalis consulting which is an accounting and recruitment firm in Sydney said that virtually of the employees are disillusioned by the way companies are cutting down on cost by red ucing their payment or electric arc (Fisher 2009).This is a contrast according to Lyons article, because most companies are fighting to emend on quality of their staffs by replacing them with highly qualified staff but this is made impossible due to their financial status.The articles relate to the course materials in supporting that appropriate number of staff with appropriate qualifications to do different accounting duties/roles.Its very important to have accounting roles well defined such as stock taking, suppliers and deliveries, budgeting and auditing if there is hardly a(prenominal) staff roles which are conflicting would be assigned to the same somebody which would promote fraud.The accountants will need to keep on updating the payroll and budgetary allocation to different vote heads of the companies to accommodate high employee turnover of staff and their payments and other company expenditures affected.I have learnt form the articles that its very important to improve on accounting staffs quality. Hiring people with right qualifications improves on the company financial planning, appropriate book keeping and preparation of up to standard accounting reports.ReferencesLyons, P, 2009, The action in Aussie accounting, Available at http//news.efinancialcareers.com.au/Guest_ITEM/newsItemId-17094Fisher, D, 2009, A loss of faith, http//www.brw.com.au/viewer.aspx?EDP//20090402000030994502&fid=71&s=0&t=1&title=A+loss+of+faith

Hathorne and Parris Essay

In my opinion the main twist of the wager was in the court scene where Proctor confesses his affair with Abigail, who doesnt deny it and doesnt confess to it either. Elizabeth is brought in as a witness, she could save all the aliment people accused of witchcraft by telling the court the truth, by removing Abigails power. However, her choice to lie or confess her maintains adultery to the court is not based on her values and her morals. She is unconscious(predicate) of the importance of her decision and she doesnt know that tail end has already confessed his crime. Danforth-What of Abigail Williams? Elizabeth-I came to think he fancied her.And so one night I lost my wits, I think, and put her out on the highroad. Danforth-Your husband-did he thusly hitch from you? Elizabeth-(in agony) My husband-is a goodly man, sir. Danforth-Then he did not turn from you. Elizabeth-(starting to glance at Proctor) He- Danforth-(reaches out and holds her face, then) Look at me To your own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery (in a crisis of indecision she cannot speak) practice my question Is your husband a lecher Elizabeth-(faintly) No, sir. This scene is packed with suspense, forget Elizabeth tell the truth?Dramatic irony also plays a find out part in this scene, we know that John has already confessed to his lechery, but Elizabeth doesnt. She thinks that she is deliver his name, when ironically she is labelling him as a liar. She chooses to lie in the perform, ignoring her religious values. She puts her husband and family first, which shows us that she is on the private side of the private life vs. the church meshing which runs through with(predicate)out the play. The confess or not to confess conflict is also shown here, Elizabeth is one of the many characters forced to make this decision, along with Proctor, the girls, bloody shame Warren and Abigail.The punctuation in Danforths speech intensifies his anger, it creates more(pre nominal) tautness and puts even more pressure on Elizabeth. Elizabeths sentences are more often than not short, show her lack of confidence and weakness. This makes us sympathise with Elizabeth even more and involves us with her even more, just in time to intensify the hiatus of her husband. The Crucible is a play of conflicts, these conflicts make the storyline more fire by creating suspense and tension for climaxes, create sub-plots which add to the confusion and it allows path for twists, such as when John confesses his adultery but Liz unconsciously says hes lying.This keeps us glued to the play. The structure itself can be symbolised by a crucible getting hotter and hotter and allowing the impurities to be extracted. It puts tremendous pressure on our main characters causing more conflicts, which in turn causes, excitement, creating yet another(prenominal) climax. Conclusion I thoroughly enjoyed this play as it was exciting and highly emotional so I could get involved in t he play and with the characters. I found myself in a position where I was fabulously biased towards John Proctor without even realising how Id been persuaded by Miller to side with him.This is cleverly done so you feel you claim made your own choice, so you dont feel manipulated. I found the ending of the play almost unbearable as through the story I had attached myself to John and it was upsetting to see him victimised by the pride of Danforth, Hathorne and Parris. Pride and religion are what decide the exigency of the play, the threat of reality crashes down harshly on the dream of a Utopia, confusing readers and characters alike.

How Does Mccarthy Tell the Story in Pages 229-241?

In this extract, McCarthy claims the anticlimax of the jockstrap and his sons arrival at the Cold. Desolate. Birdless. environment of the beach. McCarthy juxtaposes the openness of the embellish with the male childs optimism in order to highlight the boys inherent goodness. McCarthy tells the story using narrative voice in this partitioning of the text. He contrasts the ordinal person extradiegetic narrator with the mans inner monologue in order to convey multiple perspectives to the lecturer. Hed left the cart in the bracken beyond the dunes and theyd taken blankets with them and sat wrapped in them in the wind-shade of a great driftwood log. Here, McCarthy constructs the lexis of the third person narrator using what some critics have called a peculiar(a) linguistic palette. The polysyndeton creates a steady rhythm, which latitudes the rhythm of the journey the man and boy are on, which is, like the sentence, seemingly never-ending. Here the narrator presents the reade r with a practical account of the man and boys response to the dash treeing hopes of the beach, detailing their movements with unelaborated, un stirred wrangle.The pared back language poignantly conveys the sense that the bleakness of the beach was inevitable. In contrast, the tricolon Cold. Desolate. Birdless, is clearly the mans interior monologue. The tether adjectives highlight the extent to which the reality of the beach does not live up to the characters expectations of it. Where they had hoped for warmth when heading south, instead they found cold. Where they had hoped for a to a greater extent habitable climate, they found a desolate environment. Where they had hoped for life, they had found a birdless environment.Thus, the tricolon conveys the mans disappointment to the reader. McCarthy utilizes stream of consciousness in order to enable the reader to understand the mans emotional response. The narrator is characteristicly unemotive, presenting a pared back account of ev ents and it is thus these rarefied glimpses into the mans thoughts that enable the reader to empathise with his perspective. McCarthy withal manipulates language in order to convey the bleakness of the beach. The Cold. Desolate. Birdless beach has a parallel in the barren. Silent.Godless landscape in the novels opening pages, creating residuum in the narrative. Just as the rest of the narrative is permeated with metaphorical ash, so the beach too is describes as gray, with the gray bid line of ash. This lexical clusters connoting decay suggests that the beach, like the rest of the world, has been irreparably tarnished by the apocalypse. The simile, like the desolation of some alien sea break on the shore is poignant as the sea is alien, be to another world, highlighting the extent to which the sea has disappointed the man and boy.McCarthy also utilizes structure in order to present this anticlimactic moment to the reader. The author presents uninterrupted passages of narration and then starkly juxtaposes them with almost two pages of unattributed colloquy between the protagonist and his son. McCarthy presents the unadulterated dialogue without narrator intrusion, bringing the reader closer to the narrative as if they are experiencing the conversation firsthand. Although McCarthy does not explicitly attribute dialogue to either character, the reader has become accustomed to patterns inside the speech of each of the characters.This dialogue is to a certain extent typical of the two characters, with the boy expressing his optimism through a series of questions. In painfulness of the desolation, the boy asks, do you think at that place could be ships out there? and suggests that other humans could also be carrying the fire in spite of negligible evidence that this could be the case. Furthermore, he suggests that maybe theres a father and his little boy and theyre sitting on the beach. Through the boys dialogue, McCarthy reinforces the sense that the boy could be an angel or a god in his unwavering optimism.

Endorsement Of Esol In The Educational System Of Institutions Essay

position for Speakers of Other nomenclature or ESOL programs atomic bend 18 forecasted one of the most important courses offered by encyclopedism institutions today whether on personal basis or through on-line direction. In this manner, institutions be likewise encouraged clutches ESOL programs to be sufficient to meet the compulsions of a growing commercialise of people who argon expected to call professional English. Hence, even patronage administrations be be invigorated to host an ESOL program even for their own employees alone.M both business administrators believe that this step of improvement would naturally bring their comp whatsoever great(p) rewards oddly with regards to be globally competitive. However, when it comes to the part of the learning institutions, taking this super step of adjustments towards providing adult students with professional business English basics may not be that easy to imply. Certainly, a certain level of indigence is gather uped to be adequate to meet this requirement of the growing market of people who atomic number 18 qualified to speak English as their turn lyric poem.The utilization of the right motivation procedure is indeed the key to this portion of needed adjustments especially for the educators. ESOL students come form all ages and all races as healthful. This is the reason why teaching the state clients of education would not provided require professional act of the standard teaching procedures, it also adds up the event that there is a need for the educators to adjust with the people they are supposed to deal with during the chassis. They must be bale to recognize the organism of cultural diversity in the class.Thus, this means that the teachers should at least put up to the individual differences of the students as well. What motivation could be applied? Is there any way by which the educators could be moved to get along with the adjustments that are needed for the program? In t his regard, the ESOL programs hosted in Toronto shall be examined in this paper. This is especially foc apply on how the educators were mainly encouraged to adjust themselves with the program and how the said motivations gave fine results for the educating processes of the said state.Problem Statement It has been mentioned earlier that there is a dire need of producing or formulating programs that suits the need of adults and young students as well to learn business English for them to be prepared in veneering the real business world later on. Hence, the problem that is to be discussed in this paper is such(prenominal) related on the way that the educators were motivated to overhear the essential adjustment for the said program applications. The following are among the questions to be answered How could the educators be moved to replete advantage of the current need of producing students who are open to speak English as their Second Language, thus bad the business industries richlyer competencies in the future? How should the educators feel about the advancing teaching strategies that the program requires of them? Would there be progress in applying the necessary points of consideration in the said program, especially with regards to teaching strategies? These questions shall serve as guidelines for the author of this paper incompleting the required data for this assignment. revaluation of Related Literature As mentioned earlier, it is indeed a certainty that the journals and books physical exercised by the author of this study is ofttimes related to the issue being discussed. The said journals are to be introduced herein. One of the basic factors of success in any organizational progress is the art of motivation. However, motivational procedures are not that easy to apply especially if the crowd to be dealt with is not that tend or cooperative in the progress being implied in a specific organization.In this regard, Zoltan Dornyei talks about sp ecific factors of concern especially on the part of the educators when they are dealing with their students. Here are around of the suggestions he mentions Be leaders and become role models in class As the educators show their enthusiasm in teaching, the students too are commensurate to hand encouragement to learn the language with enthusiasm as well. act the classroom Environment LivelyThis could include the ability of the educators to encourage their students to speak out their ideas and their thoughts regarding the issues being discussed which should be of interest to the students depending on their age and their races. This would go out the students understand the language they are trying to learn while enjoying share their thoughts at the same time. Be Open to Suggestions from Students The fact that the students also compliments to yield exposure to the language at a certain level, the educators should consider hearing what they want form the class to be able to sup porter them participate more during discussions.This way, they could become more progressive with their studies as the classes continue. Discussions An fat amount of motivation in the Toronto ESOL program offerings have resulted in capacious in(predicate) final products. However, the question here is, how a lot motivation did it ask before the educators were convinced to take on the challenges of teaching other races with the ESOL programs that has been theorise for the different institutions to include in their learning programs? Certainly, motivating people to take on the challenges of change is not an easy task.According to Andrew Duffys cross on Canadian learning institutions, Canadas failing of a number of students who are studying in the said realm has been due to the fact that the seriousness upon the program that the students are ought to learn has not been realized practically by the students themselves. As a result, educators handling this type of situation also l oose their enthusiasm upon the application of the program, which they ought to offer to their students. This situation consequently called for much motivational processes on the part of the administrators of the learning institutions.The Motivational Procedures Specifically commission on the institutions in Toronto, Canada, it has been report that the staffing of ESOL teachers has been increased in a field of time to be able to support the existing teaching compel with the other educators that are needed to attend the needs of the students in Toronto. Notifying the educators on how to specifically help the students realize what they have to learn about their elect courses have made so much difference for the reports which were once reported about Toronto.The Toronto Star reports that in a nationwide survey of most 9,000 high school dropouts in Canada, three out of every 10 dropouts leave school because of boredom. Good grades are no indicator that students allow for stay in s chool, as over 30 percent of those surveyed had high marks. Jim Livermore, vice president of the Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation was not surprised. He stated Boredom is more of a factor today than it was 20 years ago because of television. To interest kids everything today has to be glitzy, high tech and showy. Mr. Livermore feels that some of the brightest minds are not being challenged in school. He added that the emeritus way of teaching doesnt work any more. Rather than lecture-style teaching, we have to get students more involved in learning. Hence, it has been added in the motivational procedures the educators need to be educate themselves. This education includes teaching strategy enhancement as well as informing the teachers on the real need of the country of having English Speaking citizens.It has been stressed out that the production of students who are able to speak professional business English gives the country a great chance of being globally competiti ve, as their employees become world class. Hence, the educators were able to realize the need for the said program. As a result, the educators were motivated to unendingly assist their students to becoming highly competent when it comes to using the English language in a professional level. Results of MotivationAfter the motivational procedures have been implemented, fine results have been received by several Toronto learning institutions. Yes, the application of the learned strategies through the motivational programs, which were commenced, proved to be productive and successful for the students who were able to realize the need for them to progress on their own way. Certainly, it has been discover that much of the motivational tactics that the administrations used for these programs were indeed effective.The motivation that the teachers were able to gain during the training programs has directly affected the way the students view their need to learn their subjects. The fact that the teachers realized the need for the program in their place, the programs became much productive, able to give the students the ample training they need to be able to become competent enough in the usage of the English language. This then helps the Canadian employers to be more at ease as they lead students who were produced by the Toronto learning institutes. ConclusionWith the details of ESOL development programs in Canada, specifically in Toronto, listed in this paper, it shows how much motivational procedures aimed towards the educators could contribute so much on the way the students progress in their studies. The effectiveness of the curriculum of English learning offered in institutions of education is highly based upon the enthusiasm of the educators to handle their classes while being able to meet the needs of each of their students. Indeed, teaching students with so much diversity among them is a great challenge to any educator in the learning industry.The consequences though of ample training and motivation with regards to the teaching strategies used by the educators is indeed fruitful and beneficial on the part of the students and the economic growth of the country basing from the competency of the employees produced by the institutions, irrespective of the fact that they are native English speakers or not. In this manner, the certainties of the employers on the new graduates of learning institutions become stronger and the results of the job done by these students are much globally competitive as they re able to use the English language in professional applications.BIBLIOGRAPHYInternet Journal Sources The biotic community Social Planning Council of Toronto. (2005). Community Voices, Perspectives and Priorities. http//72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cacheLHaAxJemZSoJwww. inclusivecities. ca/ upshot/reports/Toronto-ICC-Report. pdf+ESOL+in+Toronto+Canada+reports&hl=tl&gl=ph&ct=clnk&cd=6. (June 25, 2008). The 2003 Atkinson smart set In Public Policy . (2003). Class Struggles Public Education and the New Canadian. http//www. atkinsonfoundation. ca/files/Duffyrev. pdf. (June 25, 2008). A. H. Maslow. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation.http//www. advancedhiring. com/docs/theory_of_human_motivation. pdf. (June 25, 2008). Frederick Herzberg. (2006). Human Relations Contributors. http//www. accel-team. com/human_relations/hrels_05_herzberg. html. (June 25, 2008). Books Don Dinkmeyer. (1995). leading By Encouragement. CRC Publishing Company. Zoltan Dornyei. (2001). Motivational Strategies in the Language Classroom. Cambridge University Press. Lewis E. Losoncy. (2003). The Motivating group Leader. DC Press. Barbara Burnaby. (1992). Socio-Political Aspects of ESOL in Canada.Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. JoAnn Phillion. (2002). Narrative Inquiry in a Multicultural Landscape Multicultural command and take oning (Issues in Curriculum Theory, Policy, and Research). Ablex Publishing. Devon Woods. (1996). Teacher Cognition in Language command Beliefs, Decision-Making and Classroom Practice (Cambridge Applied Linguistics). Cambridge University Press. Craig Chaudron. (1998). Second Language Classrooms Research on Teaching and Learning (Cambridge Applied Linguistics). Cambridge University Press. HYBELS.(2003). Communicating Effectively. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages Jere Brophy. (2004). Motivating Students to Learn (2nd Edition). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2nd edition. Irene M. A. Henley. (2004). Aviation Education and Training Adult Learning Principles and Teaching Strategies. Ashgate Publishing Company. Ken Hultman. (2001). Balancing Individual and Organizational Values go the Tightrope to Success. Pfeiffer 1st edition. Ezdras Martinez. (1990). Management Theory and Practice. Rex Book Publishing Manila.

Porter’s Five Force Model of Toyota

MIS doorkeepers Five Forces Model Of Toyota Porters five forces model is a good example for the industry psychoanalysis and development of business strategy. Three of Porters five forces refers to disputation from external/outside sources such as micro milieu, macro environment and rest be internal threats. It draws ahead Industrial Organization economic science to develop five forces that conclude the competitive intensity and consequently attraction of a market place or industry. Attractiveness in this framework refers to the generally overall industry profitability.An unattractiveness in industry is one in which the mixture of these five forces proceed to constrain behind overall profitability. An highly unattractive industry would be one moving toward pure challenger, in which existing profits for all companies are moving rectify to zero. 1. Bargaining place of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is low. There are mingled types of suppliers in the vehicles in dustry, including the cooling placement, electrical system, braking system and fuel supply system distri merelyed across the globe.However, most vehicle manufactures own umpteen interchangeable suppliers, and alike have the ability to produce the components by their own in the mindless time. Thus, the suppliers do not own the power to change the price. 2. Bargaining power of buyers The Bargaining power of buyers is high. Today, buyers have a plentifulness of information channel, such as the internet, where quarter easily find the proper vehicle. And, the preferences of the private consumers are important to the vehicle corporations.If automobile Company increases one type, they loafer too choose other type or the cheaper one. And the vehicles buyers can easily find the substitutes, such as walking, and bus. 3. Threat of new entrants The entrants can not enter to the automotive industry easily, as automobiles are surplus products that require a large amount of money on the d esign, electronic functions, and safety issues. And another important issue is the brand loyalty in the car market. Vehicle firms always benefit the brand value, and decrease the consumer predisposition about the price.For example, General Motors provided $1000 to the Saab owners who planed to buy the 2008 model. 4. Rivalry among competitors The competition in the auto industry is strong. The top eight auto companies have reside large part of global revenues, and these automobile manufacturers strengthened the globalization and consolidation across the worldwide range. The competition is not only between the corporations, but between the authoritiess. Governments established protection laws to protect the products of each own production.For example, U. S. government increased the additional tariffs on Chinese tires in 2009. And the Toyota vehicles were recalled because the U. S. government investigated into the gunslinger pedal problems. 5. Threat of substitutes The threat of t he substitutes is high. There are a lot of substitutes in the automobile industry. When the price of the vehicles rises, the substitutes will emerge, there are many types of equipment that can take the place of vehicles, such bus, subway, bicycle and even walking.

Filipino Traits Essay

Negative, because it arrests or inhibits atomic number 53s action. This distinction reduces virtuoso to sm tout ensembleness or to what Nietzsche calls the worship of slaves, thus congealing the soul of the Filipino and emasculating him, making him timid, meek and weak. Positive, because, it contributes to placidity of judging and lack of stress by not plane trying to achieve. Ningas-cogon (procrastination)Negative, by all standards, because it begins ardently and dies down as soon as it begins. This mark renders adept inactive and unable to initiate things or to persevere. Positive, in a way, because it makes a mortal non-chalant, detached, indifferent, nonplussed should boththing go wrong, and hence conducive to peace of mind and tranquillity. Pakikisama (group loyalty)Negative, because adept closes integritys eyes to evils like graft and depravity in order to conserve peace and harmony in a group at the expense of ones comfort. Positive, because one lives for others peace or lack of dissension is a constant goal. Patigasan (test of strength)Negative, because it is stubborn and resists all efforts at reconciliation. The trace makes us barbarianish, vindictive, irresponsible, irrational. Actions resulting from this trait are leaving the phone off the hook to get even with ones caller line stopping the engine of the car to prove that one has the in effect(p) of way standing ones ground until the opposite companionship loses its patience. Positive, because it is assign that we know our rights and are not easily cowed into submission. It is occidental in spirit, hence in keeping with Nietzsches will to power. Bahala na (resignation)Negative, because one leaves everything to chance under the pretext of trusting in Divine providence. This trait is really laziness disguised in religious garb. Positive, because one relies on a superior power rather than on ones own. It is conducive to humility, modesty, and lack of arrogance.Filipino TraitsKasi (b ecause, i. e., scapegoat)Negative, because one disowns responsibility and makes a scapegoat out of someone or something. One is never to blame one remains lily white and has a ready alibi for failure. Positive, because one suffer see both sides of the picture and know exactly where a jut failed. One will never suffer from guilt or self-recrimination. thrift FaceNegative, because, being closely related to hiya and kasi, it enables a person to gyp responsibility. One is never accountable for anything. Positive, because ones psyche is rescue from undue embarrassment, sleepless nights, remorse of conscience. It saves one from accountability or responsibility. This trait enables one to make a graceful exit from guilt or else of facing the music and owning responsibility for an offense.Sakop (inclusion)Negative, because one never learns to be on ones own but relies on ones family and relatives. This trait stunts growth and prevents a person from growing on ones own. Generating a lif e of parasitism, this trait is very non-existential. Blaring music, barefaced tones are a result of this mentality. We wrongly think that all multitude like the music we play or the stories we tell. This mentality also makes us consider the world as one vast comfort room. Positive, because one cares for the family and clan one stands or falls with them. This trait makes a person show concern for the family to which he belongs.Maana or Bukas na (procrastination)Negative, because one constantly postpones action and accomplishes nothing. This aggravates a situation, a problem grows beyond correction, a leak or a small break becomes a goggle hole. This arises from an indolent mentality that a problem will go apart by itself. Positive, because one is without stress and tension one learns to take what comes naturally. uniform the Chinese wu-wei, this trait makes one live naturally and without undue artificiality.THE brilliance OF READINGThe importance of adaptation to children assn ot be over emphasized. It is also a great way to focus on the family. With that in mind, Little Ones renderingResource is dedicated to every child and every family out on that point and to educating us big people slightly the importance of study to children and its mathematical function in child development. Every child deserves to have a full(a) allow read to her. Every child deserves to have practised books he can call his very own, stored on his very own book shelf where he can pull them out and read them any time he wants. The importance of reading to children is significant in child development, and reading books to little ones at an early age is essential. In fact, reading childrens stories aloud is one of the most important activities we, as parents, grandparents, teachers, and care-givers, can do for our kids. The importance of reading to children plays out in a myraid of developmental, emotional, and learning issues from soldering and security . . . to learning to r ead . . . to future success.The best part about reading childrens stories to our little ones is that we can ALL do it We dont have to be experts, or rocket scientists, or teachers, or even millionaires to experience the joys of snuggling up with our little ones and enjoying a special story. in that respect is SO MUCH more to reading books to a baby, toddler, preschooler, and school-age child than meets the eye. Isnt it great to know that something so simple can make much(prenominal) a difference? All children should have good books of their very own, as it is truly a fantastic way to encourage reading. However, we dont have to think of material things when we think of gifts. The greatest gift we can give our children is the gift of OURSELVES our time, our talents, our prayers, our thoughts of kindness, and our acts of love and compassion. Any day is a good day to step forward and offer the gift of yourself by reading a book to your little ones Please come on in and look around an d learn about the importance of reading to children . . . and lets start reading together today

Summary The war on obesity is a big fat flop

Exercise is not a useful way to lose weight, nevertheless it strengthen physical activity. After two decades, the contend on fleshiness is still stagnant. Response Joanne Luscious (2013) obligate Poverty making Canadians frantic, says report and Margaret Weenies article, (2012) The war on obesity is a big fat flop, were written a few years ago. Both articles focus on healthy issues and recollect that leanness cause citizenrys healthy issues, the government should help people acquit that, and it will take a long time to improve.In Johannes article, the difference with Margaritas is she more than follows the issues on children and old people, and she doesnt discuss only one sickness, but Margaret article focus on one illness that is obesity. Furthermore, Joanne expresses her opinions erectly, she possesss her statement which is pauperism makes people sick by a report from Canadian Medical tie-in at the beginning of the article. Like Ottawa, people who are poorer get sick b ecause they corrupt cheaper fast food instead of expensive nutritious food. Second, on that point is not supermarket near by their communities.Third, they dont live with a house in fine condition. On the other hand, Margaret besides point directly that poverty lead to people get obesity, and both articles believe that environmental facilities in communities have to be developed and people should live in a healthy condition. For example, there should have willable groceries around the neighborhoods, and people can buy healthy food such as beans, vegetables and meat rather than they buy harmful fast food. If people do not live in safe houses, and its might cause more serious issues.They might have mental healthy issues, and it rise suicide rates. Joanne and Margaret think that the government should make policies to help poor people, make sure them access In China, poverty cause the issues more serious than Canadas, because China is developing country, and its social eudaimonia c annot effectively save people who live in poverty. Poverty also For instance, people who live in a mountainous area in northwest China are suffering by food and indisposition because there dont have any food store, the condition of the medical occupy service is uncultured.

Governements Use Fiscal Policy to Help Them Achieve Their Macroeconomic Objectives

pardon what is meant by this statement and discuss specific fiscal measures that the UK organization has utilize in recent years to process frugal activity in the built environs. Definitions FISCAL constitution A combination of political sympathies pass and tax income income mapd to achieve macrostinting management. (The flow of organization capital in and out of the treasury. (Danny Myers, 2006, pgs 75&126) MACROECONOMIC OBJECTIVES Targets relating to the whole economy, such as trading, price, stability and the balance of payments. (Danny Myers, 2006, pg128) The regimens Macro frugal (nations economy) fair games 1. Low inflation/stable prices 2. bear on economic growth 3. Low unemployment 4. Balance of payments between imports and exports (keeping bullion within the country as well as spending abroad 5. surroundal protection 6. Re scattering of income and wealth to poorRECENT YEARS The fiscal measures looked at in this analyze go forth be persuaden from 1990 onwards. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY The production and distribution of goods and services at all levels. (Wall Street Words, David L. Scott. 2003) THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT The built environment is made up of various(a) types of property (residential, commercial, industrial etc) joined by infrastructure (sewers, canals, roads, tunnels etc) and separated by spaces in between (parks, woods, performing fields, landscaped ranges, squ ars etc). (Danny Myers, 2006, pg6)AGGREGATE DEMAND All planned expenditures for the entire economy summed together. (Danny Myers, 2006, pg123) By influencing Government taxation and expenditure, sum demand can be horny to achieve Macroeconomic physical objects such as price stability, full employment and economic growth. It is the total demand for goods and services in an economy. EXPANSIONARY FISCAL POLICY Increase in government spending and/or a shine in taxes that causes the governments budget deficit to increase or budget surplus to decrease. This is a meth od apply in a inlet to stimulate the economy by providing each contributehold with to a greater extent available income, which can be used for consumption expenditures, which consequently stimulates store up production. It also decreases unemployment, which leads to further increases in income. CONTRATIONARY FISCAL POLICY Decrease in government spending and/or an increase in taxes that causes the governments budget deficit to decrease or its budget surplus to increase. Decreases the criterion of disposable income per household meaning the output and national income is less.EXPLANATION OF STATEMENT Governments use fiscal indemnity to help them to achieve their macroeconomic objectives Fiscal policy deals with the governments spending and taxation. There atomic number 18 two types of fiscal policy, Expansionary and Contrationary. When the government call for to stimulate the economy by increasing public spending then they pull up stakes decrease taxes so that each househol d has more disposable income to be spent on consumer goods. In turn this puts more money back into the economy, creating more jobs and encouraging economic growth.An increase in aggregate demand leads to a higher inflation as in that location is more money being spent on limited goods and services, which pushes the prices up. To counteract this the government decreases taxation and spending, so that consumer households run through less disposable income to spend on goods and services, this decreases aggregate demand and brings inflation back down with it. To achieve a balance of stable prices the government must mediate between the two. particular FISCAL MEASURES STAMP DUTY HOLIDAYThe attendant Duty pass was introduced in September 2008 whereby properties worth between ? 125,000 and ? 175,000 were to be temporarily explain from stamp duty. The stamp duty on this particular property sustain was 1% of the sale price, therefore saving a voltage ? 1,750. The aspiration of the h oliday was to boost demand in the property commercialize by encouraging first time profaneers to take advantage of the saving and buy a house. More money is then borrowed as people take advantage of this, which has the effect of boosting the mortgage market as well.According to the Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML), 132,500 house purchase mortgage transactions have benefited from the holiday this is the equivalent of 25% of the overall 486,400 house purchase loans in the period. Buyers have saved 173 million from the holiday rather than the 600 million the government forecasted. The success is questionable as the incentive was supposedly directed at lower income stadiums to the North, the Midlands, Wales and Scotland where as, the majority of the benefits have gone to the richer sweeps in the SE.As this area in particular was hit by the recession the least and where the living accommodations market is the strongest, the governmental loss of the taxation seems to have been wast ed. The holiday ended on the 31st December 2009. Although there has been a brief stimulation in the current housing market the number of transactions is still at an all time low. The figures whitethorn fall further now that stamp duty has been reinstated, meaning that the government may have to explore other options. AGGREGATES LEVY The Aggregates levy is a tax on sand, gravel and rock that is dug from the ground or dredged from the sea in UK waters.The tax addresses the environmental damage caused by these pipeline activities in the form of noise, dust and loss of biodiversity. (www. businesslink. gov. uk, Environmental tax obligations and breaks (online), (07. 01. 2010). The levy was introduced on the 1st April 2002 setting out to address the macroeconomic objective of environmental protection while trying to retain sustainable economic growth. The idea is that the tax should make the constitute of the aggregates better reflect the cost to the environment and should therefore influence business decisions to become more eco-friendly and efficient.In terms of the Built Environment this encourages sustainable development, The creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resourcefulnesss efficient and bionomic principals (Charles. Kibert,1994). This definition incorporates six principals, (Miyatake, 1996) Minimisation of resource consumption Maximisation of resource reuse Use renewable and recyclable resources Protection of the natural environment Creation of a healthy and non-toxic environment The pursuit of quality in creating the built environment There is an argument that taxes such as this pull up stakes damage international Competitiveness.The common object of development is to keep the cost as low as possible, to have a minimal braid period and to have the best quality possible. With increased taxation on these materials investors may become more cautious due to the rising cost, which is to be kept as low as possible , therefore there is a possibility of the UK losing international business. This is just part of the problem between economic growth and environmental protection as both have the potential to hinder the other. However some of the tax revenue accumulated will go towards a sustainability fund.This will be spent through various agencies to promote new innovative commissions to protect the environment and generate good quality construction at the same time. The Aggregate levy is a further development of the original Landfill Tax of 1996. This was set to influence the management of waste by encouraging a movement forward from the cost of disposing waste in a landfill to a cheaper and more tillable way of reusing waste materials. Both have helped to make businesses jet-propelled planeer which agrees with the macroeconomic objective of Environmental protection. THE THAMES GATEWAY REGENERATION PROJECTThe Thames gateway regeneration project includes an area stretching 40 miles East of inner East capital of the United Kingdom, both sides of the Thames and the Estuary. The area has been targeted for urban regeneration by both government and developers. There are an estimated 1. 6 million people living in this area, which has been deemed one of the well-nigh depraved in the UK. This is because of the lack of access to public transport, services, employment and affordable quality housing. The government wishes to gentrify this brownfield site to make the most of the economic potential of the gateway, and to encourage new investing and job opportunities. The Government voice communication Plan, 29th November 2007, Yvette Cooper) The project is co-ordinated by The Department For Communities and Local Government who hold back to invest 3bn every year alongside the regional development agencies, the London Development agency, the East England Development agency and the SE England Development agency. (Thames gateway Annual Report 2008/09). The Gateway project was dr awn up in 1995 with the government hoping to achieve 225,000 new jobs and 200,000 new houses by 2016. In this area there is emphases on developing town centres, public spaces and infrastructure to curl new investment to expand the economy.The Government hopes for this project to lead the way in terms of environmental jobs, new technologies and environmental improvements to existing homes and buildings. The Government is insuring this by providing funds for an eco-risk assessment of the housing programmes, energy savings methods for green housing and a zero construction waste target crossways the gateway. This project seems to have a lot of potential, however the timing of the recession limits the productivity and investment that it needs. The shortage of mortgages makes it difficult to sell the new housing at the arranged rices, which in turn can reduce investor federal agency when companies are to buy up the land for housing developments. CONCLUSION From this try it is clear th at to some extent fiscal policies can be used to help achieve macroeconomic objectives. From the examples shown, a combination of taxation and government expenditure has been directed at particular areas in the built environment to attain certain results. The construction industry makes up a fully grown proportion of the UK economy and the government seems to be very focused on the issue of sustainable economic growth and environmental protection.The policies such as the Aggregates levy and landfill tax are addressing the objective of Environmental protection by playing a large part in the way buildings are constructed or demolished. By promoting the use of recycling of materials and reuse, the future of development will change for the better. This is seen in the Thames gateway regeneration project where they are spark advance the way for the future of construction by using eco friendly and sustainable methods. At the same time they are creating a huge investment opportunity, whic h will lead to the continued sustained growth of our economy.There will be an improved standard of living for the people who once lived in a depraved area by increasing the once lower levels of employment. From the Stamp Duty we can see that the government was trying to use this tax break to boost the property sector of the UK economy in a time of decline. However I do not believe that this has ineluctably achieved its goal. The housing market may well fall again and the nominate of helping people of lower income to get on the property fall apart has not had its desired effect as the benefits did not go to the poorer areas in mind.