Final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final exam - Assignment ExampleStrategic management also assumes the responsibility of determine whether the strategy requires any modification due the channelize in the external environs of the entity. Thus, it send word be inferred strategic management musical arrangement is highly burning(prenominal) for an organizations survival in a competitive industry. In order to attach its share in the overall grocery, an organization needs to increase its customer base. Consumers are highly important for an organization because it is the end consumer that determines the success of an organization. If the organization manages to maintain goodwill among the consumers, it would be successful in acquiring the market share otherwise the organization might not be able to face the threats posed by its competitors. Strategic management system helps an organization fetch periodic evaluation of the external factors that make believe the organizations strategy and one of those factors is the consumers demand. Thus, by using strategic management system, an organization can assess the social trends and the demand for its products among consumers. An organization can also receive feedback from consumers with regard to its products. In this manner, an organization can provide better public go by using strategic management system and designing its strategy in accordance with the consumer demand. Thus, it can be concluded that strategic management system is very important for an organization because it helps the organization formulate strategies after assessing the external environment of the organization. Therefore, the strategy determined by the organization would be in compliance with the consumer trends and the organization would be able to provide better public services. This would in turn help the organization in building its goodwill among the consumers as well. head 2 Please identify and describe five (5) key environmental changes that can influence strategic manag ement. An organization is always affected by the environment it operates in. It can never be isolated from its environment therefore it needs to continuously adapt to its external environment. There are certain external factors that affect the strategic management of an organization. The environmental changes that can influence the strategic management are Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Legal. Political changes depend upon extent to which the governmental authorities bring part in the economy of the country. The political changes that may influence an organizations strategic management are changes in tax policy, corporate laws link to social responsibility, changes in environmental laws, restrictions upon trade and tariffs. All these factors can affect the organization in accordance with the business of the organization. If the organization is a trading fellowship and it imports goods in bulk quantities, it can be highly affected by import restrictions and tariffs on imports imposed by the government. Therefore, the organization may have to restrict its strategy accordingly. Economic changes may be changes in interest rates, inflation rate and the exchange rates. If the organization conducts business in international market, any change in exchange rates can influence its business transactions. Social changes that may

Operations and Logistics Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Operations and Logistics Management - Essay ExampleSupply chain gap analysis is explained in the examine to analyse the problems faced by Tesco regarding SCM. The operational issues and the affair functions of Tesco are evaluated throughout the essay with regard to supply chain. It has been consequently observed from the essay that the effectiveness of the business largely depends on a strong SCM along with the productive relationship amid the partners.The businesses around the world are inclined towards strengthening their supply chain vigilance (SCM) in order to attain greater competitive traction. Supply chain is the cohesive activity that brings not only the product in the market value but also generates satisfied nodes. SCM domain covers a wide range of activities in the functional area. In other words, SCM includes all the activities that are associated from the procurement of the edged materials to the production and transportation of the finished good to the end custome r. The business in order to be effective and successful in the marketplace uses the SCM modelling to turn away the wastage of time and effort with the aim to deliver he finished goods in timely manner to the end customers. The major assumption behind incorporation of SCM model is introductiond on the belief that the sooner the products reach the customer the sales of the business will increase. The supply chain includes various channels such as the manufacturing, operational, transportation, warehousing and then physical distribution of the products. Supply chain is established by the company to create value for the stakeholders by providing required value to customer in the right time at the right place. In this regard, it can be stated that Tesco is effective in the market with wide customer base due to its low price products which has materialised primarily owing to its strong SCM (Beamon, 1998). Tesco Plc is one of the leading global retailers with various retail stores servi ng millions of

Nursing Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Essay

Nursing Research Summary and Ethical Considerations - Essay ExampleThe save of a child is a very of the essence(p) event in the life of a woman (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014). The nature of bloodline a woman undergoes is also important since it also defines her light of childbirth long after the child was born. Thus, this pack was undertaken to establish the perception of postpartum women on what entails the best treat qualities for nurses attending to pregnant women after birth. The study applied a qualitative research methodology, consisting of analysis of interviews undertaken on 15 postpartum women who had given birth to healthy infants in a hospital in Hong Kong (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014). The results of the analysis were extrapolated to give five basic nursing qualities desired by women after giving birth.The experience that a woman gets during and after giving birth can make or break her will to continue siring more children. Thus, if a woman exp erience during giving birth is positively satisfactory, then the woman is prepared for future siring of children (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014). However, if a woman gets a negative experience after giving birth, her will to continue siring more children is broken.The significance of this study to nursing is that childbirth is a very phenomenal event in the life of a woman and giving her a satisfactory experience is very important for the nursing profession. Thus, the study is significant to the nursing profession, since it establishes the qualities that the nurses attending to women during giving birth should have, and prepares the nursing profession for satisfactory attending to pregnant women after giving birth (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014).The purpose of the study was to establish the best qualities that nurses attending to women during and after giving birth should possess. The objective of the study was to establish the best qualities of obstetric nurses th at can last to satisfactory attending of postpartum women. The phenomenon of this study is that the role of the obstetric nurses is important in defining the satisfactory levels of women during and after giving birth (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014).

Stalins leadership Essay Example for Free

Stalins lead EssayThe great patriotic warfare was a theatre of war primarily betwixt Russia and the Nazis, although it involved many surrounding countries in Eastern Europe and beyond. This period was nonorious for its unprecedented ferocity, destruction, and im mense loss of life and was lead under the leadership of Stalin. Yet to what extent was Stalins efforts and actions the reason for the Soviet victory against the axis powers? Politically, there were many aspects that contributed to the war effort.The Communist Party itself worked at the rear of the forces (350,000 members were transferred to the back lines) and in like manner increased membership to ensure that there was sufficient support for the party. The NKVD played a more than significant role in the war, most importantly dictatorial the USSR population done fear. The NKVD were responsible for the labour camps (gulags) where prisoners of war were sent as well as opposition suspects and deserters from the Russi an armies.The group had many another(prenominal) roles, including underground officers within the red soldiers reporting any deficiencies in moral and any anti-communist attitudes. hence they created a sense of bratwurst that deterred any resistance against Stalin and the authorities from building up trenchantly as well as maintaining discipline and security within the army. This was self-explanatoryly a crucial factor in Soviet success, without this the Red Army would not have fought effectively.Although the NKVD were very effective throughout the war and must certainly be credited in the Soviet success, Stalin was in overall control of the body, and therefore could in addition claim some of this as his own. He also influenced the air of terror, by coining orders like not one footfall back meaning that any soldiers that tried to retreat would be shout by the NKVD themselves. Britain and America were Russias allies in the war and although they did not send soldiery direc tly to the prior line, the lend lease programme (begun in March 1941) provided the USSR with essential war supplies $11.3 billion worth of goods were sent throughout the war. Without these the army would have been less effectively supplied and progress may have been slower, particularly one the offensive move towards Berlin, which may have given the enemy more time to re-organise and build defenses. Additional assistance came from U. S. Russian War Relief (a private, nonprofit organization) and the Red Cross who also sent supplies. Again, it could be suggested that it was Stalins political index that allowed him to form these alliances that proved to be so vital.However, for the supplies from the Red Cross and Russian war relief he cannot be accredited and it could be argued that the allies did not aid Russia due to Stalins diplomacy but merely in an attempt to defeat Germany. Despite the destruction of the war, the Russian economy managed to keep the front supplied with weapons and other supplies. The move to dismantle factories and rebuild them in the remote Urals once the Germans had begun to infiltrate Russia proved to be very successful.1500 enterprises and 10 million people were transferred eastwards and the new-fangled industrial heartlands began performance. The mean economy also meant that industrial plants were converted into military production factories (for example, in capital of the Russian Federation a childrens bicycle factory was converted into a automatic rifles factory). Without this economic planning, the Red Army would not have been supplied tanks, guns ammunition and planes in adequate quantities (in fact, by 1943 the Red Army was achieving this).However, yet again the ideas for the planned economy and the move of the factories were announced by Stalin and therefore their successful cases and vital contribution to the war could be said to be a result of wile planning and economic efficiency. Further than this, Stalin managed to mo bilize the entire urban society into production. Similarly to the five year plans, anyone of a working age was forced into labour, including the women. For example, in 1942, women made up 53% of the urban workforce.Without this mobilisation, the factories would not have run to full capacity and production levels would have fallen substantially. Stalin also cleverly ensured that the workers would not resent the regime by increasing wages (wages rose by 75% between 1938 and 1944) and those in regular manual employment were guaranteed survival through the network of Ors (workers provisionary department) shops at their places of work. Obviously the Red Army must be accredited with at least some of the war success.Although it was signly disorganise and was unable to adapt to the defensive tactics now necessary, this was the result of Stalins fierce purges of the Red Army causing military leaders to be wary of taking any initiative or acting without firm orders from the leader himself. The Army was however, heroic in nature and had many successful attacks against the Germans (for example, the Battle of Kursk). another(prenominal) initial weakness was the dual command of the Politruki, but Stalin did end this when he realised it was a hindrance to the army rather than a help. Stalins choices in military men had both positive and negative effects on the war.He was often seen to give leadership powers to those who were his close friends and allies, often with poor results. An example of this is Kulik who delayed the production of Katyusa rockets and T34 tanks due to a belief that more old fashioned artillery and horsepower were more effective war methods. However, Soviet success was also the result of meticulous planning and military excellence of many other of the Russian leaders, for example Vasilevsky who was responsible for the planning and co-ordination of all decisive offences and Chuikov who commanded in Stalingrad.The man with the most influence militarily h owever was General Zhukov who oversaw the defence of Leningrad and orchestrated the first breakthrough, commanded in the Battle of Kursk and launched the final attack on Germany, including capturing Berlin. Further than this Zhukov was more stalwart than many others of the leaders and stood up for his military ideas. It could be suggested that this was the main reason that Stalin eventually accepted that his tactics needed updating and moved away from his previous(prenominal) military ideas. Had the Red Army continued with these they may never have won the war as the outdated tactics were very unsuccessful.The Stavka ended up being a very effective team, some disagreement with Stalin was tolerated and the result was concrete military decisions that resulted in Soviet success. It is possible to completely blame Stalin for the initial Russian failures for a further reason. Previous to Operation Barbarossa, Stalin had been warned of the German attack but simply ignored this and made no defensive military plans. Therefore when under attack, the army only had defensive strategies available. This was particularly a problem due to the lack of initiative that superior generals were willing to take as explained above.Some think still remains over why Stalin refused to acknowledge the information but it was probably a combination of Stalins overconfidence in the character of Hitler and other critical information (such as 22nd June was theoretically too late to attack as it was too close to the Russian winter). For these reasons Stalin was certainly a hindrance to the Russian side at times. However, he did change his tactics eventually which was obviously a difficult move for Stalin as it resulted in a loss of face. Another of Stalins failures was his refusal to sign the Geneva Convention for human rights.Therefore when Russian prisoners of war were captured they often ended up in extermination camps in Germany. Many Russian war prisoners ended up fighting for the G erman side in preference to being killed. An example of this is Andrei Vlasov who set up a Russian discharge Army who fought for the Germans he was later used as a figurehead for German propaganda. If Stalin had signed the agreement the Germans wouldnt have had any extra re-enforcements. Another general factor for the Soviet success in the Great Patriotic War is psychological and social. The role of the Russian people undoubtedly contributed to the war effort.Other than the obvious roles they played in the factories, farms and on the battlefront itself, the sheer heroism of many of the people is astounding. For example, within Leningrad the Russian people failed to give in to German terror for 872 days, despite the constant attack from the skies, bitter famines spread throughout the whole city, horrific death rates (in December 1941, 53000 people died in Leningrad (this was as many as the total deaths in 1940)) and rations that were barely enough to survive (bread rations were 400g a day but decreased to 250-125g in December/January 1941).This strength of the nation was seen in other places, such as the partisan units that were set up in the German diligent areas. Often the members were Red Army troops that had not go quick enough to stay in front of the Germans, but many were also civilians united in a hatred for the Nazis. They were effective in binder down Germans in certain areas, harassing German soldiers but most importantly showing the opposition that Russian influence was still present in their occupied areas.The sheer hatred that the Russians felt for the Germans was also influential to Soviet success, and the give-and-take in the camps was certainly a contributing factor to this. Another reason for this was the treatment for the Russians in the German occupied territory. The Germans viewed the war as a war of extermination and used the Slav people as sub-humans. An example is a commendation from Hitler if 10,000 females die of exhaustion diggin g an anti-tank ditch, my only interest is that the ditch is dug for Germany.Only towards the end of the war did the Germans realise that it would be much more effective to try and keep the Russians on side. An example of the earlier brutality is the 34,000 Jews and Soviet citizens massacred at Babi-Yar which was an attempt to cleanse Russia and create living space (lebensraum). This is important for the war as the Russian hatred fuelled their desire to defeat the Germans and individuals would work harder and faster in whatever role they were contributing in.It could be suggested that Stalin did help influence this as his speechs were always hugely anti-German and highlighted the deaths and terrors inflicted upon Russia. He also contributed to the propaganda that was circulated in the war which showed clearly the brutalities of the war to the Russian civilians. This was to influence the Red Army and partisans to fight for motherland, for honour, for freedom and for Stalin. Stalin als o managed to mobilise and encourage women into the war effort. Women took on roles within factories, farms and other mens positions such as miners and welders.At the beginning of 1940 women made up 41% of labour front and over 800,000 saw active service on the battlefields (ordered after 1942). Another social change that Stalin made during the war were the spiritual concessions. For example, in 1942 the labour camps were searched for religious men who were then allowed home and in 1943 they Russians elected a new patriarch and synod. These proved very successful and brought him more support as the religious Russians had previously felt oppressed. Stalin as a war leader was always resolute and determined.It is unquestionable that Stalin was courageous, despite German attack he remained with his family in Moscow rather than fleeing to Kuibyshev. Although he did make some mistakes, particularly during the openings of the war, he did manage to amend many of these. The ways in which Sta lin helped make the Soviet war success certainly outweigh his hindrances in both number and significance. Without such a powerful, charismatic and talented leader, Russia would have been much more likely to be disappointed in the Great Patriotic war.

Firoozeh Dumas Essay Example for Free

Firoozeh Dumas EssayTo deny some unity and education is non fillet of solely a crime tho a sin, because you ar denying that person the opportunity to realize who he or she is meant to be. This quote ranges Firoozeh Dumass view on learning and graceful the person that she is today. Through her hardships, struggles, good times and the bad times, she has matured and learned a great deal. In the autobiography Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas, the themes or clashing cultures, new environments, and learning through experience comes into play. The story begins as Firoozeh moves with her family to the United States in 1972, as a seven-year-old.From the moment her airplane lands, she starts to see differences not only in the geography of the land and the appearance of the people, but the look of the whole place. She is used to bustling cities in Iran, crowded with enthusiastic workers, shoppers, and people socializing. In contrast, her new neighborhood in America seemed fairly une xciting she describes it as uniformed houses, all the lawns in perfect order, as if everything was constantly being retained to achieve the ideal look. But little did she know that this was only the beginning of differences.Entering a new school would open a whole separate orbit of biculturalism. As she enters school, she sees everyone completely different looking from her, and all of them fluent in English. Curious classmates peered around her desk, examining her from head to toe trying to figure pop out who she is what type of creature she is and where she comes from. To make things even worse, Firoozehs mother decides to attend school with her, to learn proper English. This leads to ultimate humiliation for Firoozeh. Not only is she an immigrant student, but an immigrant student with her mother in elementary school with her.Students constantly ask her where she comes from, as if shes an alien of some sort. She slowly learns to respond by saying You know, the state where Persi an cats come from. She hopes to one day learn English properly so she can fit in and communicate with her fellow students. Her first day is completely confusing as she tries to embrace all that is happening around her. On the centering home, the bus driver drops Firoozeh and her mother a few blocks aside from their house. Not so familiar with the location, they get supercharge confused and cant recognize their own home.To them, the homes all look alike, and cant distinguish their own from the rest. These incidents represent the difficulties that Firoozeh goes through in her first couple of months in America. However, after a couple of months time, she learns more and more about the American culture and believes she is on her way to Americanization. During summer vacation, the family celebrates their first year completed in America by voyaging to Disneyland. Being a child, Firoozeh is completely star-struck and amazed by the tiny world created for the sole purpose of entertainin g people.All her favorite Disney characters that she had only heard the names of in Iran were now walking amongst her in real life Firoozeh wasnt the only one who enjoyed herself. Her father Kauzem described Walt Disney as a genius, a man whose vision allowed everyone, regardless of age, to relive the wonderment of childhood. (p. 17) Their lives in America seemed to be improving, until the Iranian innovation ten years later. Firoozeh, now a seventeen year old, was again suffering from racism everywhere she went.People were now staring at her again, mocking her and calling her a terrorist, just because of what was happening in her country. The pain of not fitting in was now something she became accustomed to, and she decided to overcome it by further educating herself. She was thankful to have the opportunity to be educated, and she wanted to take emolument of her chance. Firoozeh spent high school learning French, until she got fluent in it. She was offered an opportunity to s trike to Paris for two months because of her immense skill and fluency at the language.There, she again faces racism, where she is interviewed and labeled as a seventeen-year-old spy. She begins to ignore the racism around her, and advances in her studies. From education, she learns who she unfeignedly is. The strength is now ingrained in her and she knows who she is a young Iranian woman who has succeeded through many hardships. Nothing can stop her from learning, the main divisor that helped her develop her personality. The main conflict she faces over and over again throughout the story is intense racism and not being able to fit in with every other American.By end, she realizes that by using education she can overcome all her struggles. Firoozeh Dumas ends up marrying a Frenchman who she meets in college, and they both live blithely together. She realizes that her own encouragement and drive to study has brought her all the way to college, and finds her a perfect partner. As she said before, education is what helps a person realize what they are meant to be. In my opinion, the character goes through many hardships and just as things begin to turn up, she again falls into another political conflict because of the Iranian Revolution.With these six-fold problems she has to face, she realizes that one key factor can help her survive through it all education. She knew that as long as she kept studying and taking advantage of the right of education, she will succeed and she did. I think she dealt with her hardships perfectly and came out extremely strong at the end. This book is an ideal representation of an immigrant girl approaching from Iran. It shows the perfect perspective of what someone like Firoozeh might think, and the problems they will face.It gives an opportunity for the reader to advance their knowledge on a new culture, to see an Iranian immigrants point of view. By adding some humor in the story, it becomes even more entertaining and interest ing to learn about Firoozehs struggles. This book has tending(p) me an increased amount of respect for people who come from a different country. Firoozehs education helped her go extremely far and be successful in life, and I hope the same will happen to me because Im blessed with the right of education that Firoozeh describes.

Definition, Process And Classification Essay Example for Free

Definition, Process And Classification EssayEach theme of discourse has the limits of tuition and resources and the key words intrinsic to understanding the trend of information espoused in the context. There are borders that clearly define this limit, and set processes that order the outlined thoughts or ideas into steps or stages inevitable in appreciating the message of discussion. To achieve this, at that place are important tools, which can be harnessed definition, classification and processes.The definition is the succinct introduction of the topic that clearly defines the limits or extent of resources the topic covers. It gives a synopsis of the details that topic entails, releases the clue to understanding such details and hints on the process at achieving the latter. It includes the key words intrinsic to the issues of concern. In brief, this backlash starts the engine. One should not make the mistake of referring this to just a word. It is the important concepts th at are clearly defined for clarity of thought process.Beyond the definition, one realizes thither are details for espousing the ideas associated with the topic. These details are enormous but the important must be highlighted. Process includes the method that explores the specific details, eliminates irrelevances and puts the issue in a right perspective. Alongside the definition and process through which data is obtained, analyzed and processed into useful information, the latter is classified into segments ion such a way that the topic is open for understanding, and further exposition.Classification ensures that boundaries are clearly defined and provides a systematic approach for build up of comprehension. This implies that by appropriately classifying the available information on the topic of discourse, knowledge into built into interwoven segments and not set apart as mutually exclusive entities. It greatly enriches the significance of topic. These methods, definition, processi ng and classification, fall in the topic to existing information and ensure it is useful in the future.

Neutralisation of False Positives using Presumptive Tests

Neutralisation of False haughtys using Presumptive TestsJasnique TiwanaThe Neutralisation of False Positives using Presumptive Tests for Blood annulIntroductionThis project emphasis upon neutralising probable canvasss for source, this differs from other studies as they just turn out for phoney positives, instead of attempting to neutralise these known trumped-up(prenominal) positives. This project was conducted as on that point ar no current obvious projects on the neutralisation of false positives. This is a crucial topic because it will save time at crime scenes when looking at a suspected air brand, many false positives are known to interfere with the probable tests kits. However, if these tramp be eliminated at the scene, past it will save lots of time conducting confirmatory tests for a stain that is not lineage. It will be interesting to discover whether one neutralizer can neutralise from for each one one or the majority of the unknown false positives.The aim s of this project are to find come on which substance/ products produce false positives, and whether or not these false positives can be kill. In addition, how many of these false positives work for both Kastle-Meyers and Leucomalachite honey oil. Also whether the type of surface these false positives are found upon pertains the faculty for them to be keyed.There are numerous amounts of different bodily fluids that can be found at a crime scene. Blood is one of the well-nigh yard and important bodily fluid found at a crime scene as it can give an insight to a deoxyribonucleic caustic profile and much more. The race can either be from the offender this can help corroborate stories and give a deeper insight into what actually happened (The Forensics Library, n.d). In the criminal justice system blood is defined as a vital complex biological fluid containing red blood cells, which is present in vertebrate and may be shed during an accidental, intentional and/or criminal act s. (Wonder,2001). Blood consist of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets, hence presumptive assays test for the presence of haemoglobin find in the erythrocytes (Jackson and Jackson, 2007).However, at a scene it may not always be obvious as to whether or not the stain is actually blood, thus, presumptive tests are required to determine whether the stain could be blood or not. There are various different presumptive tests designed to identify whether the stain is blood, although, these are not a confirmatory test for blood. Blood found at a crime scene is essential as it can extend a DNA profile from both the victim and the suspect. (Gupta, et, al. 2016). This can thence be collected for further analysis in the laboratory, to obtain DNA profiles and so on (Tobe, et, al. 2007). Over centuries various different attempted clean-up modes have been employ for blood, including whitewash, therefore, it is important to use a presumptive test which can detect microscopic blood stains.P resumptive testsPresumptive tests with the exception of luminol are not utilize directly to a stain, instead, the suspected stain is lifted using a sterilized dab or filter paper, the presumptive test is then carried out on the filter paper or the swab. This is to plug that the suspected stain is not damaged. In certain cases, such as where the surfaces have been washed down, it becomes more appropriate to use luminol due to its high level of detection (Jackson and Jackson, 2007).Presumptive tests are used by forensic scientists worldwide to aid in the identification of unknown substances such as blood. However, a presumptive test does not provide expressed identification instead it provides useful information which helps to decide what further action if any is needed.There are numerous presumptive tests for blood, historically with the most common being benzidine which was first introduced in 1904 (after Kastle-Meyers) which was introduced in 1901). Moreover, this is no longer widely used in forensics as it was discovered to have carcinogenic effects. Tetramethylbenzidine has also been recognize as a carcinogen and caution should be applied when using either test (James,1998).Presumptive tests are not specific to Human blood as they will also give a positive result for animal blood. Comm all, a strain change is discovered to determine whether it is positive for that substance, due to these presumptive tests are subject to false positives and false shuns. In screening tests for blood, the heam group is observed as this acts as a catalyst which is involved in the chemical substance pitions.False positive results can be obtained from chemicals containing strong oxidants such as whiteneres and household cleaners. Plant peroxidases such as horseradish root can also affect presumptive tests such as horseradish as they contain peroxidases they catalyse oxidation controvertions thus causing a false positive. They are known to be sensitive to heat so heatin g up a plant peroxidase can inactivate it. A false positive is identified as a deform change forrader the addition of hydrogen peroxide (Li,2008). Li (2008) states that although uncommon false controverts can also occur, this happens when a strong reductant is present, this hinders the oxidation answer.Luminol Luminol is referred to a chemiluminescent reaction which is oxidised by haemoglobin. It was a very early method used in 1937 to detect microscopic amounts of blood at a crime scene as it has a very small detection limit (in nanograms). Although, the test is sensitive it is also prone to false positives as with the other presumptive tests of blood. sodium Hypochlorite is in bleach based substances commonly used for a clean-up, this would be detect by the luminol test (Quickenden and Cooper 2001). A limitation to luminol is that it must be used in total darkness to be able to gossip the reaction. It is different from the other presumptive tests as it involves miniature wit h a bright light (blue) (Webb, et al, 2006).Kastle-MeyersThe phenolphthalin Assay is referred to as the Kastle Meyers test, it differs from phenolphthalein which is a class of dye indicator commonly used in titrations. Phenolphthalin is a colourless conflate (the reduced form), the oxidized derivative is phenolphthalein which turns go (Li, 2015). The Kastle-Meyers (KM) test is one of the most popular presumptive test used by forensic scientists, it is possible to detect blood up to 100,000x dilution (Bell, 2012). Figure 1 shows the oxidation of phenolphthalein causing a wiretap colour change when reacting with a peroxide.The Kastle-Meyers test is a presumptive test used to identify blood stains it contains phenolphthalein, which reacts with the haemoglobin in blood with the addition of hydrogen peroxide leading to a pink colour change for a positive test. This test, however, is not specific for blood and can be subject to false positives, it is also not specific to adult male bl ood and will react with animal blood. Therefore, it is not a confirmatory test of blood. Leucomalachite parking area (LMG) is also a presumptive test of blood, however it is not as popular as the Kastle Meyers test (Bell, 2012). A positive result for Leucomalachite super venereal disease is a green-blue colour change.Leucomalachite green (LMG)Figure 1 to show the chemical structure of Leucomalachite green (Sigma Aldridge, 2017)Leucomalachite jet chemical symbol C23H26N2 (PubChem, 2005), this is also a colour change test it is not as widely used as Kastle Meyers but it is just as useful. Leucomalachite green is oxidised by haem causing a blue-green colour change it is colourless when in its reduced state. The reaction is usually carried out in acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide which acts as an oxidiser (li, 2015). It is used in a very similar way to Kastle-Meyers, as the test is almost identical, this test as with the Kastle- Meyers, therefore, it is also prone to a false positi ve, hence further analytical tests are required to confirm if its blood. callable to the false positives, it cannot be called a confirmatory test for blood. These tests are also not specific as they do not react to just human blood but other animal blood.Neutralising agents Various different neutralisers are available for bleach. Bleach is known to be a common false positive detected with Presumptive tests. The active ingredient in Bleach is Sodium Hypochlorite, therefore, research into is neutralisation was looked into. The most common one used is Sodium Thiosulphate another is Ascorbic acid which is used more commonly in water storage tanks to climate all remaining bleach making the water safe to drink (Tanguay,2013). Due to the neutralisation of peroxide both these neutralisers will be used to see if they neutralise all the false positives.MethodPreparation of the reagentsThe Kastle-Meyers test The reagent is made by weighing out 12g of phenolphthalein, 120g of potassium hydroxi de and 30grams of Zinc dust and 600ml of distilled water should then be added. This is then put onto a hot plate and moved(p) for 3 hours. (Langford et,al).The Kastle-Meyers was used as follows, the stain was moistened with ethanol (optional depending on how the stain was lifted) and this is rubbed over the stain, then twain drops of the Kastle-Meyers is then added onto the stain, at this stage a colour change is indicative of a false positive, if there is no false positive at this point then continue to the abutting stage, and add ii drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide, if there is an immediate pink colour change this indicates blood could be present as it is a positive result for blood. If there is no colour change then it can be almost certainly said that no blood is present, this is due to its high level of predisposition.Leucomalachite green solution was made up using 0.11grams of Leucomalachite green powder, 66mL of glacial acetic acid and 33mL of distilled water, this was mixe d together to form the colourless Leucomalachite green (cox, 1991). The alike method mentioned above is used for Leucomalachite green with a blue-green colour change being a positive result for blood and a blue-green before the addition of hydrogen peroxide being a false positive. The initial Leucomalachite green solution is clear.Defibrinated horse blood was used due to its similarity to human blood, also because presumptive tests cannot differentiate between blood types. The swabs used were all in sterile packaging and all the pipettes had been autoclaved prior to use to ensure that all equipment used was sterile as not to allow any cross contamination. Blood was placed straight onto a sterile swab this was subjected to the presumptive tests to ensure no other contaminants caused a colour change this acted as a positive control. Negative controls were created using a sterile swab and adding each of the reagents to mend sure nothing else was interfering with the test. A positive control was also taken by swabbing blood from denim to see if it would still react or if there was an interfering factor.To determine the levels of predisposition for both KM and LMG blood was weaken and put into test tubes. Blood was pipetted into test tubes using Finn pipettes in order to determine accuracy. Different concentrations of blood were made up using distilled water and blood. The solutions made up were 110, 1100, 11000, 1 10,000, 1 100,000 were prepared. This was done by pipetting 1mL of blood into 9mL of water, from this solution 1mL was added into 9mL of water and so on. This method was used to determine the level of sensitivity of the presumptive tests used a sterile swab was dipped into each of these solutions and the Kastle -Meyers test was performed. The time taken for these to turn and the shade of pink in which they turned were recorded. Each swab was taken 3 times in order to determine accuracy, but also each test tube was made up 3 times, this gave a total of 15 test tubes, to oblige sure no extra or no less blood was added each time, and to check the reliability of the method as the blood had begun sharply clotting. This was done over a series of days to see if the results differed in anyway.A series of household items and known false positives obtained from previous lit reviews were determined and these were placed onto the denim material, by rubbing the item onto the material. The items used were, horseradish, bleach, red onion, lemon, tomato, tomato ketchup (Heinz) and potato. These were then allowed to dry on the material before dampening the stain with distilled water. This was repeated three times and also repeated after 3 days when it had more time to dry.With a fresh bay window of false positives, horseradish, bleach, ketchup and tomato were re tested to see if they reacted to the new Kastle Meyers and Leucomalachite green solutions.Once the false positives were established such as the use of bleach, then sodium thiosulph ate and Ascorbic acid were added to the stains to see if they affected the tests and gave a new negative reaction.Sodium thiosulphate was made up using 0.25g of Sodium Thiosulphate and 5ml of water and mixed to make a 5% solution, the crystals were stirred and the remaining solution was colourlessAscorbic acid was made up using 0.25g of ascorbic acid in 10ml of water, this was then stirred and gives a clear solution.Firstly, a sterile was dipped into bleach and a few drops of the leucomalachite green were applied using a disposable sterile pipette each time, the colour change was then observed. Once this was established another swab was dipped into bleach but this time sodium thiosulphate was first added to the swab, (again using a disposable sterile swab) the sodium thiosulphate was applied all the way around the swab to ensure all areas were covered. In addition, lecucomalachite green was then pipetted onto the swab and observed for a colour change, the same thing was then repeate d using ascorbic acid. The swab was held up against a white background to see if It had a slight reaction or not. It was tried with pure bleach and diluted bleach to see if the reactions were the same. The neutralising agents were also used with pure blood to see if it reacted the same with blood and caused a colour change, hydrogen peroxide was added to the pure blood stain. This was to determine whether or not it is a true false positive or not.The next stage was to repeat the following steps using Kastle -Meyers on pure bleach and diluted bleach.In addition, to determine whether or not the false positives worked on all peroxides, both Ascorbic acid and Sodium Thiosulphate were also used on horseradish, in an attempt to neutralise it, this was repeated three times.ResultsFirstly, a positive and negative control were taken to ensure a positive result was obtained for pure blood and a negative result for water, indicating there was no contamination.A resultant dilution was made for the Kastle-Meyers to determine the level of sensitivity. It was measured to a 1 in 100,000 dilution as this is the results obtained from previous literature as to the level of sensitivity. Table 1 shows the transport of the colour change from the dilution of blood, this was repeated three times.Table 1 a table to show the level of sensitivity of the Kastle-Meyers solutionDilution factor adopt 1Repeat 2Repeat 3X10Bright pinkBright PinkBright PinkX100PositivePositivePositiveX1,000PositivePositivePositiveX10,000Faint pinkFaint pinkNoneX100,000NoneNoneNoneFalse positives were first tested on denim to see if they reacted. The blood sample was placed onto the denim material first this was to determine whether the Kastle-Meyers kit was working correctly. The results of the false positives can be seen in table 2, each sample was firstly loaded onto the swab and the denim material, this was too see if there was a difference between the two methods. The highlighted results in table two show the false positives which differed on the denim and the swab. Table 2 shows the first experiment to test for false positives comparing it to the reaction it had on denim.Table 2 false positives using Kastle-Meyers on denim and directly to swab, with* meaning inconclusive result as it is the same colour in which the test kit changes, the samples reacted after 5 mins of the addition of Kastle-Meyers reagentFalse positiveNegative/positive reaction on denim materialAdded directly to swabHorse Radish infrastructureBleach(Sodium Hypochlorite)+Red onionPotatoTomato sauce+Red OnionLemon+Tomato*Red radishLeucomalachite green was also tested for its sensitivity of bloodThis was then tested on pure blood with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. This was to check if the solution made up gives a blue-green colour change. Table 3 shown below shows a serial dilution for Leucomalachite green, the serial dilution was performed in the same way as in the Kastle-Meyers test and the colour change and effectiveness of the change was recordedTable 3 a table to show the dilution factor of Leucomalachite green after the addition of hydrogen peroxideDilution factorRepeat 1Repeat 2Repeat3X10Strong TurquoiseStrong TurquoiseStrong TurquoiseX100Blue green descend Blue-greenBlue-greenX1,000Light Blue-greenFaint Blue-greenLight Blue-greenX10,000No reactionNo reactionNo reactionX100,000No reactionNo reactionNo reactionTable 4 shows the false positives on the denim material and direct application to the swab, the first repeat the same method applied as that in Leucomalachite greenTable 4 false positives using denim material and direct application to the swab, this shows the first attempt using Leucomalachite greenFalse positiveNegative/positive reaction on denim materialAdded directly to swabHorse Radish root+Bleach(Sodium Hypochlorite)+Red onionPotatoTomato sauceRed OnionLemonTomatoRed radishA fresh set of Known false positives were then used, this was tested with both Kastle Meyers and Le ucomalachite green respectively, this is shown in table 5 and 6, each one was tested three times and the reaction and the intensity of the reaction are shown. This time instant colour changes were recorded, using a new Kastle- Meyers test Kit, this was done under a fume hood. This time a diluted bleach sample was used to see if it affected the results of bleach.Table 5 False positives tested using Kastle -Meyers where + means a positive reaction and is a negative reaction, instant(prenominal) resultsFalse positiveRepeat 1Repeat 2Repeat 3Horseradish+ strong pink+ pink+ strong pinkTomatoTomato KetchupBleach+ Strong Pink+strong Pink+ Strong PinkDiluted bleach+ weak pink+ pink+ weak pinkTable 6 false positives tested using Leucomalachite green where + indicates a positive reaction and indicates a negative reaction instantaneousFalse positiveRepeat 1Repeat 2Repeat 3Horseradish+ light green+ light green+ dark greenTomatoTomato KetchupBleach+ Strong blue/green+strong green+ Strong green Diluted bleach+ strong green+ strong green+ strong greenTable 7 shows the neutralisation of the false positives identified in table 5 and 6 using ascorbic acid and thiosulphateTable 7 neutralising agents of the false positives for both Kastle-Meyers and Leucomalachite green. where + indicates a positive reaction (colour change) and indicates a negative reaction (no colour change)False positiveKastle- MeyersLeucomalachite greenSodium thiosulphateAscorbic acidSodium thiosulphateAscorbic acidHorse radish++Bleach+++Diluted bleachDiscussion The test was repeated three times to see if the results were the same each time. Kastle -Meyers has a level of sensitivity up to 1 in 100,000. This was found to be the level of sensitivity by other authors. Blood was diluted with water this was not only to test the level of sensitivity but blood is likely to be cleaned up with water of some kind.Leucomalachite green is not as widely used as Kastle-Meyers, as it has a lower level of sensitivityThis w as diluted in blood to check its level of sensitivity it got a reaction up to 1 in 1,000 rather than 1 in 10,000 as suggested by other literature reports.Denim material had ketchup, tomato, horseradish and blood added to it, however, it did not yield any results as the false positives did not change colour with the addition to lecuomalachite green. Bleach was tested with lecuomalchite green, this gave an instant colour change, bleach was then diluted in water to see if watered down bleach gave the same effect and this also gave a positive reaction.Sodium thiosulphate neutralised the effect of bleach as the reaction was barely visible using the Leucomalachite green, however, the ascorbic acid worked but not as well as the thiosulphate. This is because it was hard to class whether the entire swab had been neutralised as it appeared a very faint green colour around the sides, compared to other swabs which appeared unaffected by the neutralising agent chosen. It was only tested on the bleach and horse radish because they were the only substances which had given a false positive reaction,None of the substances on denim gave a false positive, this leads to further research into indigo dye as a neutraliser.